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305 Environmental degradation, deforestation, floods: Binford et al. 1987; Abrams and Rue 1988; Woods
:2003. I am grateful to Prof. Woods for sending me acopy of his article.
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305 Deforestation-induced spiral to collapse: Santley, Killion, and Lycett 1986.
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305 旱灾：Curtis and Hodell 1996（“我们的发现表明，干旱期与经典玛雅文明的主要文化中断期之间有着很大的关系”，46）。另见Hodell，Curtis，and Brenner 1995。
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306 生态寓言：相关范例见Catton 1982；Lowe 1985；Lutz 2000（“关注全球人口迅速增长的环保主义者反复把玛雅的衰亡引为如果一个地区的人口增长超过其承载力，情况会如何演变的佐证”，vii）；Ponting 1991（“环境崩溃导致社会溃败的最明显的例子就是玛雅”，78）；Diamond 2004
:157-77；Wright 2005
:94-106（玛雅的覆亡表明，“文明往往就像是’金字塔’形的传销机构，只有在壮大的时候才能繁荣”，83）。人们可以假定，这个话题之所以如此充满吸引力，原因之一是玛雅的灭亡（和我在书中后面部分描写的卡霍基亚相似）与欧洲无关。
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306 “Were able to,”“Are contemporary” : Ponting 1991
:83; 1990
:33.
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306 Examples of spiritual books: Grim 200l; Berkes 1999; McGaa 1999; Durning 1992.
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306 五大价值观：源于Reiten 1995。作为一所新墨西哥州印第安人事务局所属学校的管理人员，雷滕（Reiten）把她的列表交给了奥克兰州立大学的托尼·桑切斯（Tony Sanchez），后者对这个列表做出了修改，使这些价值观的适用对象从拉科塔族人扩大到了全体印第安人——人们可以假定，其间一个不无慷慨的暗示是所有原住民群体的思想都大同小异。这是对其知识多元性和文化多元性的否认。我在此引用的是桑切斯博士的修订版（Sanchez 2001
:420-21）。
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307 Van der Donck: Shorto 2004; Van der Donck 1841 (“all free by nature,”207; “They remark,”210;“woods, plains and meadows,”150-51; “several hundred miles,”138).
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308 The following discussion of the natural role of fire draws from Mann and Hummer 1995
:89-92; Mt. St. Helens from author’s visits.
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308 Nature not in lockstep: Botkin 199o; Pickett and Thompson 1978.
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309 Ecological role of fire: Wright and Heinselman 1973; Komarek 1965 (“The earth,”204).
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310 Carriages in Ohio: Bakeless 1961
:314, cited in Denevan 1992a
:369.
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310 “Could be”: Wroth ed. 1970
:139. See also, Higginson 1792
:117-18 (reporting“thousands of acres of ground as good as need to be, and not a tree in the same”).
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310 Smith’s gallop: Smith 19I0 (vol. 1)
:64. He also saw Indians hunting with fire (70).
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311 Bison range: Author’s interview, Woods (citing scarcity of bison bones atarchaeological sites), Roe 1951; Mathiessen 1987
:147-52; Cronon 1983
:51-52 (“were harvesting”).
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311 Impact of Native American burning: Pyne 1982
:71-83; Little 1974; Dorney and Dorney 1989; Delcourt et al. 1986; Rostlund 1957a, 1957b.
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312 Great Plains and anthropogenic fire: Axelrod 1985; Steuter 1991; Sauer 1975; Williams 1989
:46-48; Lott 2002
:86-88 (“When Lewis and Clark,”88); Kilburn and Brugam 20l0 (“lightning strikes,”45).
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312 Fidler’s fires: Fidler 1992 (“Grass all,”“Not a,”“All burnt,”“the grass,”13-15; “The Grass,”36; “very dangerous,”59).
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312 Return of forest to Midwest: Williams 1989:46 (Wisconsin, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska); Fisher, Jenkins, and Fisher 1987 (Wyoming); author’s visit, Texas (displays of historical photographs).
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312 “disastrous habit”: Palliser 1983
:30.
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312 Raup: Raup 1937 (“have been,”84; “inconceivable,”85).
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312 “It is at least”: Brown and Davis 1973
:116, quoted in Williams 2002
:183.
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313 维尔：Vale 2002（“适度”，14）；1998。Keeley 2002驳斥了维尔的观点。自然科学家依然不懈地否认当地早期曾有人类存在，实例见于Hillspaugh，Whitlock，and Bartlein 2000[在黄石国家公园这个人类已经居住了数千年的地方检测长期用火频率“为我们提供了一个能够借以思考用火机制对‘气候变化’这个议题的敏感性的自然‘实验’空间”，211（斜体系笔者所加）]。
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