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382 Anthropogenic forests: Interviews, Balée, Clement, Erickson, Nigel Smith, Stahl, Woods; Balée I998; 1989 (11.8 percent, 14); Erickson 1999 (I am grateful to Prof. Erickson for sending me a copy of thispaper); Smith 1995; Stahl 2002, 1996.
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385 “Gift from the past”: I have lifted this phrase from the title of Petersen, Neves, and Heckenberger 2001.
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385 印第安黑土：下述段落多源于杰出的Lehmann et al. eds. 2003；Glaser and Woods eds. 2004；Petersen，Neves，and Heckenberger 2001。通俗版本见Mann 2002b，2000b。Lehmann et al.认为从科学角度来说，ADE（亚马孙黑土）是较terra preta（印第安黑土）更为妥帖的称呼。为了避免简称，我在本书中使用的是后者。
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385 Terra preta valued: Smith 1980
:562 Smith’s fine early article on terra preta was largely ignored on publication—“I got two reprint requests for that article,”he told me. “Nobody was ready to hearit.”
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385 Terra preta distribution estimates: Author’s interviews, Woods, Wim Sombroek; Sombroek et al. 2004
:130 (.1-.3 percent); Kern et al. 2004
:52-53 (terra preta sites every five kilometers along tributaries).
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385 玛雅中心地区：玛雅中心地区（从危地马拉的佩藤地区和伯利兹北部到墨西哥的坎佩切南部和金塔纳罗奥）覆盖了大约15 000平方英里的面积，其中三分之一或是二分之一都用于农业种植。
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386 Charcoal: Glaser, Guggenberger, and Zech 2004; Glaser, Lehmann, and Zech 2002. My thanks to Prof. Glaser for giving me a copy of these articles.
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386 Microbial activity: Author’s interview, Janice Theis; Theis and Suzuki 2004; O’Neill et al. 2009; Grossman et al. 2010.
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386 Charcoal and global warming: Author’s interview, Ogawa; Okimori, Ogawa, and Takahashi 2003.
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1706317121
386 Kayapó: Author’s interviews, Hecht; Hecht 2004 (“low-biomass,”“cool,”362-63; “To live,”364). I am indebted to Prof. Hecht for several fascinating discussions.
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387 Terra preta experiments: Author’s interview, Steiner; Steiner, Teixeira, and Zech 2004.
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387 Río Negro site: Author’s interviews, Bartone, Neves, Petersen; Heckenberger, Petersen, and Neves 2004, 1999.
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387 Timing of terra preta at plantation: Neves et al. 2004
:table 9.2.
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389 Xingu and black earth: Heckenberger et al. 2003 (“regional plan,”“bridges,”1711; “built environment,”1713). For criticism, see Meggers 2003.
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390 Santarém terra preta: Interviews, Woods, Sombroek; author’s visit; Kern et al. 2004.
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390 Meggers reaction: Meggers 200l (“without restraint,”305; “accomplices,”322).A response appears in Heckenberger, Petersen, and Neves 2001.
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390 “Rev up”: DeBoer, Kintigh, and Rostoker 2001
:327.
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1706317137
390 “没有去适应”：这句短语是我从Erickson 2004（“亚马孙地区的原住民没有去适应自然，而是通过人类的创造力、技术与工程学以及文化机构，创造了他们想要的世界”，456）中窃取来的。
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10. 人造的（荒）原
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391 “all the trees”: Columbus 1963
:84. I discovered this quotation, and the ideas around it, in Crosby 2003
:3-16, 1986
:9-12 (knitting together Pangaea).
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392 Invention of Columbian Exchange: McNeill 2003
:xiv.
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392 Kudzu: Blaustein 2001; Kinbacher 2000.
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392 A thousand kudzus everywhere: Crosby 1986
:154-56 (spinach, mint, peach, endive, clover), 161 (Darwin), 191 (Jamestown, Garcilaso).
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394 Cod and sea urchins: Jackson et al. 2001.
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394 Keystone species: Wilson 1992
:401.
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