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394 “widowed land”: Chapter title in Jennings 1975.
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1706317155
395 Passenger pigeons: Schorger 1955 (vomiting, 35; rain of droppings, 54; huge roostings, 10-15, 77-89; excommunication, 51; one out of four, 205).
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395 Muir and pigeons: Muir 1997
:78-82.
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396 Audubon and pigeons: Audubon 1871 (vo1. 5)
:115.
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396 Seneca and pigeon: Harris 1903
:449-51.
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397 “living, pulsing”: French 1919:1.
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397 Leopold and monument: Leopold 1968.
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397 Mast competition, lack of passenger pigeons: Interview, Neumann, Woods; Neumann 2002
:158-64, 169-72; Herrmann and Woods 2003 (I thank Prof.Woods for giving me a copy of this paper).
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399 Seton’s estimate: Seton 1929 (vol. 3)
:654-56. See, in general, Krech 1999
:chap. 5.
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399 Lott’s and other modern estimates of abundance: Lott 2002
:69-76 (“primitive America,”76); Flores I997; 1991 (“perhaps”twenty-eight to thirty million, 471); Weber 200l (“more likely”twenty to forty-four million). Shaw (1995) and Geist (1998) suggested the number should be ten to fifteen million.
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401 Inka tree farms: Daniel W. Gade, pers. comm.
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401 De Soto never saw bison: Crosby I986
:213.
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401 La Salle’s buffalo: Parkman 1983 (vo1.1)
:765.
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401 “post-Columbian abundance”: Geist I998
:62-63.
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1706317181
402 Elk begin to appear: Kay 1995.
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402 California: Preston 2002 (Drake, rag).
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403 “The virgin forest”: Pyne 1982
:46-47.See also, Jennings 1975
:30.
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403 “artificial wilderness”: I borrow the phrase from Callicott and Nelson eds.1998
:11.
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1706317189
403 More“forest primeval”in nineteenth century: Denevan 1992a
:377-81 (“pristine myth”article).
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406 Cronon, academic brouhaha: Cronon 1995a, 1995b; Soulfi and Lease eds. 1995; Callicott and Nelson eds. 1998 (“Euro-American men,”2). An abridged version of Cronon 1996b appeared in the New York Times Sunday Magazine, 13 Aug. 1995.
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407 Making gardens: Janzen 1998.
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407 Creating future environments: I have borrowed the phrase and the thought from McCann 1999a:3.
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11. 和平大律法
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411 Nabokov in New York: Boyd 1991
:11-12.
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412 豪德诺索尼人的早期历史，德甘纳威达的故事：Fenton 1998；snow 1994
:58-65；Hertzberg 1966。德甘纳威达的“结巴”或许表明他来自于一个使用阿尔冈琴语的群体；豪德诺索尼人把阿尔冈琴语的发音方式认作口吃。一些阿尔冈琴族学者相信，德甘纳威达把本族的政治文化知识传播给了豪德诺索尼人。按照这种观点来看，豪德诺索尼人被视为相对后来的外人。
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