打字猴:1.70631715e+09
1706317150
1706317151 394 Keystone species: Wilson 1992:401.
1706317152
1706317153 394 “widowed land”: Chapter title in Jennings 1975.
1706317154
1706317155 395 Passenger pigeons: Schorger 1955 (vomiting, 35; rain of droppings, 54; huge roostings, 10-15, 77-89; excommunication, 51; one out of four, 205).
1706317156
1706317157 395 Muir and pigeons: Muir 1997:78-82.
1706317158
1706317159 396 Audubon and pigeons: Audubon 1871 (vo1. 5):115.
1706317160
1706317161 396 Seneca and pigeon: Harris 1903:449-51.
1706317162
1706317163 397 “living, pulsing”: French 1919:1.
1706317164
1706317165 397 Leopold and monument: Leopold 1968.
1706317166
1706317167 397 Mast competition, lack of passenger pigeons: Interview, Neumann, Woods; Neumann 2002:158-64, 169-72; Herrmann and Woods 2003 (I thank Prof.Woods for giving me a copy of this paper).
1706317168
1706317169 399 Seton’s estimate: Seton 1929 (vol. 3):654-56. See, in general, Krech 1999:chap. 5.
1706317170
1706317171 399 Lott’s and other modern estimates of abundance: Lott 2002:69-76 (“primitive America,”76); Flores I997; 1991 (“perhaps”twenty-eight to thirty million, 471); Weber 200l (“more likely”twenty to forty-four million). Shaw (1995) and Geist (1998) suggested the number should be ten to fifteen million.
1706317172
1706317173 401 Inka tree farms: Daniel W. Gade, pers. comm.
1706317174
1706317175 401 De Soto never saw bison: Crosby I986:213.
1706317176
1706317177 401 La Salle’s buffalo: Parkman 1983 (vo1.1):765.
1706317178
1706317179 401 “post-Columbian abundance”: Geist I998:62-63.
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1706317181 402 Elk begin to appear: Kay 1995.
1706317182
1706317183 402 California: Preston 2002 (Drake, rag).
1706317184
1706317185 403 “The virgin forest”: Pyne 1982:46-47.See also, Jennings 1975:30.
1706317186
1706317187 403 “artificial wilderness”: I borrow the phrase from Callicott and Nelson eds.1998:11.
1706317188
1706317189 403 More“forest primeval”in nineteenth century: Denevan 1992a:377-81 (“pristine myth”article).
1706317190
1706317191 406 Cronon, academic brouhaha: Cronon 1995a, 1995b; Soulfi and Lease eds. 1995; Callicott and Nelson eds. 1998 (“Euro-American men,”2). An abridged version of Cronon 1996b appeared in the New York Times Sunday Magazine, 13 Aug. 1995.
1706317192
1706317193 407 Making gardens: Janzen 1998.
1706317194
1706317195 407 Creating future environments: I have borrowed the phrase and the thought from McCann 1999a:3.
1706317196
1706317197 11. 和平大律法
1706317198
1706317199 411 Nabokov in New York: Boyd 1991:11-12.
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