1706317150
1706317151
394 Keystone species: Wilson 1992
:401.
1706317152
1706317153
394 “widowed land”: Chapter title in Jennings 1975.
1706317154
1706317155
395 Passenger pigeons: Schorger 1955 (vomiting, 35; rain of droppings, 54; huge roostings, 10-15, 77-89; excommunication, 51; one out of four, 205).
1706317156
1706317157
395 Muir and pigeons: Muir 1997
:78-82.
1706317158
1706317159
396 Audubon and pigeons: Audubon 1871 (vo1. 5)
:115.
1706317160
1706317161
396 Seneca and pigeon: Harris 1903
:449-51.
1706317162
1706317163
397 “living, pulsing”: French 1919:1.
1706317164
1706317165
397 Leopold and monument: Leopold 1968.
1706317166
1706317167
397 Mast competition, lack of passenger pigeons: Interview, Neumann, Woods; Neumann 2002
:158-64, 169-72; Herrmann and Woods 2003 (I thank Prof.Woods for giving me a copy of this paper).
1706317168
1706317169
399 Seton’s estimate: Seton 1929 (vol. 3)
:654-56. See, in general, Krech 1999
:chap. 5.
1706317170
1706317171
399 Lott’s and other modern estimates of abundance: Lott 2002
:69-76 (“primitive America,”76); Flores I997; 1991 (“perhaps”twenty-eight to thirty million, 471); Weber 200l (“more likely”twenty to forty-four million). Shaw (1995) and Geist (1998) suggested the number should be ten to fifteen million.
1706317172
1706317173
401 Inka tree farms: Daniel W. Gade, pers. comm.
1706317174
1706317175
401 De Soto never saw bison: Crosby I986
:213.
1706317176
1706317177
401 La Salle’s buffalo: Parkman 1983 (vo1.1)
:765.
1706317178
1706317179
401 “post-Columbian abundance”: Geist I998
:62-63.
1706317180
1706317181
402 Elk begin to appear: Kay 1995.
1706317182
1706317183
402 California: Preston 2002 (Drake, rag).
1706317184
1706317185
403 “The virgin forest”: Pyne 1982
:46-47.See also, Jennings 1975
:30.
1706317186
1706317187
403 “artificial wilderness”: I borrow the phrase from Callicott and Nelson eds.1998
:11.
1706317188
1706317189
403 More“forest primeval”in nineteenth century: Denevan 1992a
:377-81 (“pristine myth”article).
1706317190
1706317191
406 Cronon, academic brouhaha: Cronon 1995a, 1995b; Soulfi and Lease eds. 1995; Callicott and Nelson eds. 1998 (“Euro-American men,”2). An abridged version of Cronon 1996b appeared in the New York Times Sunday Magazine, 13 Aug. 1995.
1706317192
1706317193
407 Making gardens: Janzen 1998.
1706317194
1706317195
407 Creating future environments: I have borrowed the phrase and the thought from McCann 1999a:3.
1706317196
1706317197
11. 和平大律法
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1706317199
411 Nabokov in New York: Boyd 1991
:11-12.
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