打字猴:1.70631902e+09
1706319020
1706319021 [28]The Seventh Crusade,1244-1254:Sources and Documents ,ed. and trans. Peter Jackson,Aldershot,2007,p.144.
1706319022
1706319023 [29]The Seventh Crusade,1244-1254:Sources and Documents ,ed. and trans. Peter Jackson,Aldershot,2007,p.145.
1706319024
1706319025 [30]Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth century:The Rothelin Continuum of the History of William of Tyre with Part of the Eracles of Acre Text ,ed. and trans. Janet Shirley,Aldershot,1999,p.97.
1706319026
1706319027 [31] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,pp.120-2.
1706319028
1706319029 [32] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.124.
1706319030
1706319031 [33] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.126.
1706319032
1706319033 [34] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.128.
1706319034
1706319035 [35] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.130.
1706319036
1706319037 [36] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.132.
1706319038
1706319039 [37] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.158.
1706319040
1706319041 [38] 亦称“封斋节”,是基督教的斋戒节期,指的是从耶稣受难前40天的“圣灰星期三”(Ash Wednesday),到受难日的前一天“圣星期四”(Holy Thursday)这一段时间。
1706319042
1706319043 [39] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.160.
1706319044
1706319045 [40] 原文“baber”原义为“理发师”,但实际上在当时的军营里,理发师还兼任外科医生。1215年举行的第十届拉特兰大公会议裁定“任何从事外科手术的牧师不得担任教会的高级职位”。这个决定推翻了已经实行400年的敕令,该敕令由查理大帝颁布执行,规定所有修道院和教堂的下设医疗机构只能聘用牧师。自此,僧侣们将外科手术和修剪须发等服务都转移给地方上那些帮人们刮胡子的理发师,后者已经掌握使用手术刀和剪刀的技巧。
1706319046
1706319047 [41] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.166.
1706319048
1706319049 [42] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.164.
1706319050
1706319051 [43]The Seventh Crusade,1244-1254:Sources and Documents ,ed. and trans. Peter Jackson,Aldershot,2007,p.161.
1706319052
1706319053 [44] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.160.
1706319054
1706319055 [45] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874 p.164.
1706319056
1706319057 [46] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.174.
1706319058
1706319059 [47] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.176.
1706319060
1706319061 [48]The Seventh Crusade,1244-1254:Sources and Documents ,ed. and trans. Peter Jackson,Aldershot,2007,p.102.
1706319062
1706319063 [49] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.144.
1706319064
1706319065 [50] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.160.
1706319066
1706319067 [51] Jean de Joinville. Histoire de Saint Louis ,ed. and trans. M.Natalis de Wailly,Paris,1874,p.192.
1706319068
1706319069 [52] 又译作“布兰卡”,卡斯蒂利亚国王阿方索八世的第三个女儿,1223年成为法兰西王后。1226年其夫路易八世病逝,由其子路易九世年幼继位,她遂出任法兰西王国摄政10年。法国政局不安,野心的贵族图谋反抗王室,幸赖太后调度有方,撤换不忠诚的贵族,亲自领兵讨伐叛乱,在全国各地建立护国民兵。法国人不仅尊称她为“仁慈的布兰卡太后”,也称她为“贤母布兰卡”。
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