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1706391921
7.F.Crousse, La Péninsule greco-slave(Brussels, 1876); T. Fischer, Mittelmeerbilder (Leipzig, 1906), p.44; D. M. Brancoff (Dimitur Mishev), La Macédoine et sa population chrétienne (Paris, 1905), p.3; J.R.Mariott, The Eastern Question: An Historical Study in European Diplomacy (Oxford, 1917), p.21.
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1706391923
8.Harry de Windt, Through Savage Europe (London, 1907), p.15; M.Todorova, Imagining the Balkans (New York, 1997), p.122.
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1706391925
9.R. West, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon (London, 1943), vol.1, p.23.
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1706391927
10.E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusaders (London, 1997), .p.2; on the two phases of Muslim Holy War against Europe, see B. Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe (New York, 1982), pp.20-28; K.M.Setton, Prophecies of Turkish Doom (Philadelphia, 1992), p.4.
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11.K. M.Setton, op. cit., and Europe and the Levant in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance(London, 1974); Knolles cited in Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe, p.32; on Muslim and Turk as synonyms, N.Matar, Islam in Britain, 1558-1685(Cambridge, 1998), p.21.
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12.L. Valensi, Venezia e la Sublima Porta: La nascita del despota (Bologna, 1989), pp.41, 44; L.Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (New York, 1965), pp.74-75.
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13.N. Matar, op.cit., 14, p.22.
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14.See A. Pippidi, “La Decadence de l’empire ottoman comme concept historique, de la Renaissance aux lumières”, Revue des Etudes Sudest Européennes, xxxv, 1-2 (1997), pp.5-19.
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15.如同A.Pippidi说的, 同时代的欧洲社会中也有反潮流、亲土耳其的批评人士(但较弱势), 孟德斯鸠是其中之一: A.Pippidi, op.cit., pp.18-19。
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1706391939
16.A. J. Evans, Through Bosnia and the Hercegovina on Foot (London, 1877), p.89; H. Holland, Travels in the Ionian Islands, Albania, Thessaly, Macedonia etc.during the Years 1812 and 1813 (London, 1815), pp.69-70; The War Correspondence of Leon Trotsky: The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913 (New York, 1981), pp.58-59.
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1706391941
17.E. A. Freeman, Ottoman Power in Europe (London, 1877), p.1; A.Oakes and R.B.Mowat, eds., The Great European Treaties of the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1918), p.177; N.Sousa, The Capitulatory Regime of Turkey (Baltimore, 1933), p.162.See also J.C.Hurewitz, “Ottoman Diplomacy and the European State System”, Middle East Journal, 15 (1961), pp.141-152.
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18.Anon.(Lord JR), The Establishment of the Turkish Empire (London, 1828), p.27; R.G.Latham, The Ethnology of Europe(London, 1852), p.6; The Nationalities of Europe (London, 1863) vol.2 , p.69; E.Joy Morris, Notes of a Tour through Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Arabia Petraea to the Holy Land (Philadelphia, 1842), vol.2, p.48; Edith Durham, The Burden of the Balkans (London, 1905), p.104.
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1706391945
19.Ami Boue, op. cit. p.331; on the expulsion of Muslims from Balkan states, see A. Toumarkine, Les Migration des Populations Musulimanes Balkaniques en Anatolie (1876-1913) (Istabul, 1995), a useful source to set against the less balanced J. McCarthy, Death and Exile: the Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims(Princeton, 1995); on shrinking of Turkish usage, see B.Lory, “Parler le turc dans les Balkans ottomans au XIXe sièicle”, in F. Georgeon and P.Dumont, eds., Vivre dans l’empire Ottoman (Paris, 1997), pp.237-245; on destruction of monuments, see M.Kiel, Studies in the Ottoman Architecture of the Balkans (Variorum, 1990).
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1706391947
20.F.Moore, “the Changing Map of the Balkans”, The National Geographic Magazine (February, 1913), pp.199-226.
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1706391949
21.J. V. de la Roiere, Voyage en Orient (Paris, 1836), p.23; Trotsky, op.cit., p.272.
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1706391951
22.O.Halecki, The Limits and Divisions of European History (New York, 1962), pp.47, 77-78; Marriott, Eastern Question, p.3.
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1706391953
23.T. Zhivkov cited in M.Kiel, Art and Society of Bulgaria in the Turkish Period (Maastricht, 1985), p.34 n.1.
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24.笔者感谢狄米垂·利凡尼奥(Dimitri Livanios)协助拟订这些议题。
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1706391957
第一章 土地和其居民
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1.Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (London, 1972), vol. 1, pp. 25-53.
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1706391961
2.M. Newbigin, The Mediterranean Lands (London, 1924), p. 46; M. Adelaide Walker, Through Macedonia to the Albanian Lakes (London, 1864), p. 87.
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1706391963
3.A. J. Evans, Through Bosnia and the Hercegovina on Foot (London, 1877), p. 359; M. Djilas, Land without Justice:An Autobiography of His Youth (New York, 1958), p. 79.
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1706391965
4.A. Kinglake, Eothen (Oxford, 1982), p. 22.
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1706391967
5.M. von Tietz, St Petersburgh, Constaninople and Napoli di Romania in 1833 and 1834 (New York, 1836), p. 96.
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1706391969
6.H. F. Tozer, Researches in the Highlands of Turkey, vol. 1 (London, 1869), p. 382.
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