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1706392021
32.H. Lowry, “‘From Lesser Wars to the Mightiest War’
:the Ottoman Conquest and Transformation of Byzantine Urban Centers in the Fifteenth Century”, in Lowry, Studies in Defterology (Istanbul, 1992), pp. 47-65.
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1706392023
33.S. Vryonis, “Religious Change and Continuity in the Balkans and Anatolia from 14th through the 17th Century”, in Vryonis. ed. , Islam and Cultural Change in the Middle Ages (Wiesbaden, 1975), pp. 130-132.
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1706392025
34.Cf. M. Kiel, Studies on the Ottoman Architecture of the Balkans (Variorum, 1990), introduction, and S. Curcic and E. Hadjitryphonos, eds. , Secular Medieval Architecture in the Balkans, 1300-1500 and Its Preservation (Thessaloniki, 1997). For population figures, see“Istanbul”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. . 4, pp. 226-246; other cities from J. de Vries, European Urbanization, 1500-1800 (Cambridge, 1984), pp. 270-287; Lithgow, Rare Adventures, p. 179; R. Halsband, ed. The Complete Letters, vol 1. 1 p. 354.
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1706392027
35.T. Stoianovich, “Model and Mirror of the Premodern Balkan City”in his Between East and West
:The Balkan and Mediterranean Worlds, vol. 2, (Economies and Societies) (New Rochelle, 1992), p. 108; see also his“the Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant”in ibid. , pp. 1-77.
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36.T. Stoianovich, Balkan Worlds, p. 75; The Negotiations of Sir Thomas Roe in His Embassy to the Ottoman Porte from the Year 1621 to 1628 Inclusive (London, 1740), p. 67; von Tietz, St Petersburgh, p. 79; J. J. Best, Excursions in Albania (London, 1842), p. 188; Warriner, ed. , Contrasts, p. 146; H. Andorov, ed. , British Documents on the History of the Macedonian People (Skopje, 1968), I, p. 287.
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1706392031
37.T. Stoianovich, “Balkan peasants and landlords”, p. 30.
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38.Ibid, p. 38 n. 80; Evans, Through Bosnia, pp. 334-336.
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1706392035
39.Blanqui in Warriner, Contrasts, pp. 216, 244; Smyth, Year with the Turk, p. 224.
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1706392037
40.J. K. Campbell, Honour, Family and Patronage (Oxford, 1964), p. 15.
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1706392039
41.R. Bicanic, How the People Live
:Life in the Passive Regions (Dept. of Anthropology, Univ. of Mass, Amherst, Sept. 1981), p. 52; Lampe and Jackson, Balkan Economic History, pp. 193-194; H. L. Roberts, Rumania
:Political Problems of an Agrarian State (New York, 1969 ed. ), pp. 3-9.
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1706392041
42.C. Bracewell, The Uskoks of Senj
:Piracy, Banditry and Holy War in the Sixteenth Century Adriatic (Ithaca N. Y. , 1992), p. 31; Djilas, Land without Justice, pp. 142, 201.
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1706392043
43.Warriner, Contrasts, p. 298; Palairet, Balkan Economies, p. 122; on the village, see N. Iorga, Etudes Byzantines (Bucharest, 1939), vol. 1 , p. 172.
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1706392045
44.A. Hulme Beaman, Twenty Years in the Near East (London, 1898), p. 121.
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1706392047
45.Bicanic, How the People Live, pp. 121-123; K. Mandelbaum, The Industrialization of Backward Areas (Oxford, 1945), p. 2.
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1706392049
46.S. Runciman, “Balkan Cities-Yesterday and Today”, in D. W. Hoover and J. Koumoulides, eds. , Cities in History (Muncie, Indiana, 1977), pp. 1-13.
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1706392051
第二章 民族兴起之前
1706392052
1706392053
1.M. Avgerinos, Makedonika Apomnimonevmata (Athens, 1914), p. 10.
1706392054
1706392055
2.E. Durham, The Burden of the Balkans (London, 1905), pp. 143-144.
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1706392057
3.H. N. Brailsford, Macedonia
:Its races and their Future (London, 1906), pp. 99-100.
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1706392059
4.H. Lowther to E. Grey, 2 October, 1912, in B. Destani, ed. , Albania and Kosovo
:Political and Ethnic Boundaries, 1867-1946 (London, 1999), p. 292.
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1706392061
5.P. Charanis, “Ethnic Changes in Seventh Century Byzantium”reprinted in his Studies on the Demography of the Byzantine Empire
:Collected Studies (London, 1972), pp. 36-38.
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1706392063
6.D. Zakythinos, “Byzance et les peuples de l’Europe du Sud-Est
:La synthèse Byzantine”, in his Byzance
:Etat-Société-Economie (London, 1973), vol. 6, p. 13; on Greek in Romania, S. Story, ed. , Memoirs of Ismail Kemal Bey (London, 1920), p. 21; A. Smith, Glimpses of Greek Life and Scenery; A. Ducellier, Oi Alvanoi stin Ellda (130s-150s aion. ) (Athens, 1994).
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7.See T. Stavrides, “The Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic, 1453-1474”, Harvard University, D. Phil. dissertation, 1996.
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1706392067
8.Symeon in M. Balivet, “Aux origines del, Islamisation des Balkans Ottomans”, Revue du Monde Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 66
:4 (1992), p. 13; C. H. Fleischer, Bureaucrat and Intellectual in the Ottoman Empire
:the Historian Mustafa Ali (1541-1600) (Princeton, 1986), pp. 158-159; Sandys in S. Purchas, ed. , Purchas, his Pilgrime, vol. 8 (Glasgow, 1905), p. 123; H. C. Barkley, Bulgaria before the War (London, 1877), p. 179; W. Lithgowm, Rare Adventures, p. 101; Halsband, Complete Letters, p. 390.
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9.R. Gradeva, “Ottoman Policy Towards Christian Church Buildings”, Etudes balkaniques, 4 (1994), pp. 14-36; A. Handzic, Population of Bosnia in the Ottoman Period (Istanbul, 1994), p. 21.
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