打字猴:1.70642337e+09
1706423370
1706423371 [15] 布埃纳文图拉·杜鲁提(Buenaventura Durruti,1896~1936),西班牙无政府主义运动和西班牙内战时期的代表人物之一,西班牙内战时期无政府主义者革命武装力量的重要领袖。
1706423372
1706423373 [16] Cusick,Lois [Orr]. “Spain,1936-1937.” 1961. An earlier draft of “Anarchist Millennium,” courtesy of Elizabeth Cusick;a copy is at the Labadie Collection,University of Michigan Library.,p.14.
1706423374
1706423375 [17] 4 February 1937,Orr,p.48;7 March 1937,Orr,p.48.
1706423376
1706423377 [18] Cusick,Lois [Orr]. “Anarchist Millennium:Memories of the Spanish Revolution of 1936-37.” 1979. Unpublished ms.,courtesy of Elizabeth Cusick;a copy is at the Hoover Institution Library,Stanford University.,p.164.
1706423378
1706423379 [19] Lois Orr to Mary De Vries,24 November 1936,Orr,p.93.
1706423380
1706423381 [20] 不要将其与同一时期由无政府主义者在纽约出版的另一份同名刊物搞混。
1706423382
1706423383 [21] Cusick,Lois [Orr]. “Anarchist Millennium:Memories of the Spanish Revolution of 1936-37.” 1979. Unpublished ms.,courtesy of Elizabeth Cusick;a copy is at the Hoover Institution Library,Stanford University.,p.89;“the Spanish Revolution—as I saw it in Catalonia,” ms.,Charles a. Orr Papers,p.15.
1706423384
1706423385 [22] Lois and Charles to Charles’s sister Dorothy,5 March 1937,Orr,p.140.
1706423386
1706423387 [23] Cusick,Lois [Orr]. “Anarchist Millennium:Memories of the Spanish Revolution of 1936-37.” 1979. Unpublished ms.,courtesy of Elizabeth Cusick;a copy is at the Hoover Institution Library,Stanford University.,p.16.
1706423388
1706423389 [24] Seidman,Michael. “The Unorwellian Barcelona,” European History Quarterly 20,April 1990.,p.167.
1706423390
1706423391 [25] 30 September 1936,Orr,p.72;2 November 1936,Orr,p.83.
1706423392
1706423393 [26] 此文写于几年前一场无政府主义的狂热运动期间。Isaac Puente in Tierra y Libertad supplement,August 1932,quoted in Bolloten,Burnett. The Spanish Civil War:Revolution and Counterrevolution. Chapel Hill,NC:University of North Carolina Press,1991.,p.66.
1706423394
1706423395 [27] Beevor,Antony. The Battle for Spain:The Spanish Civil War,1936-1939. New York:Penguin,2006.,p.113.
1706423396
1706423397 [28] Gaston Leval in Cahiers de l’humanisme libertaire,March 1968,quoted in Bolloten,Burnett. The Spanish Civil War:Revolution and Counterrevolution. Chapel Hill,NC:University of North Carolina Press,1991.,p.69.
1706423398
1706423399 [29] To Mary De Vries,24 November 1936,Orr,p.94.
1706423400
1706423401 [30]CNT,Madrid,31 July 1936,quoted in Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,p.262;“the Spanish Revolution—as I saw it in Catalonia,” ms.,Charles a. Orr Papers,p.14.
1706423402
1706423403 [31] “the Spanish Revolution—as I saw it in Catalonia,” ms.,Charles a. Orr Papers,p.16;Lawrence a. Fernsworth,“Catalonia Fights ‘Gangster’ Terror,” New York Times,17 January 1937.
1706423404
1706423405 [32] Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,p.235.
1706423406
1706423407 [33] Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,p. xvi;最高的死亡率出现在头两个月。参阅Ruiz,p.106。
1706423408
1706423409 [34] Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,pp. xi,xvi. 西班牙历史学家Julián Casanova就此给出了不太一样的数据:“将近10万人”在内战期间死于国民军之手;另有5万余人死于战争结束后;“超过6万人”在共和国控制区被杀;到战争结束时,国民军的监狱和集中营共关押了50万人。参阅Casanova,“The Spanish Civil War:History and Memory” in Jump,p.201。
1706423410
1706423411 [35] 此人为John McNair,类似于马克思主义统一工人党姊妹党的英国独立工党(Britain’s Independent Labour Party)派驻西班牙的代表。他(在一篇未公开发表文学硕士学位论文中:George Orwell:The Man I Knew,University of Newcastle,1965)和奥尔都曾记录过门口的卫兵报告说有名英国人来到这件事,也都曾劝说奥威尔加入POUM的民兵组织,但他俩都没在笔下提到对方。奥尔和McNair在同一栋大楼工作,因此,事发当天他们应该都在现场,或许还是一起同奥威尔进行谈话的。根据McNair的Spanish Diary一书记载,与那个民兵报告的内容相反,奥威尔是能讲些西班牙语的——也有其他证据证明了这一点。
1706423412
1706423413 [36] “Homage to Orwell—as I Knew Him in Catalonia,” Orr,pp.177-178.
1706423414
1706423415 [37] “Homage to Orwell—as I Knew Him in Catalonia,” Orr,p.179.
1706423416
1706423417 [38] Orwell,pp.32-33.此处我引用的文献为Orwell in Spain,包括了《向加泰罗尼亚致敬》以及他所写的与西班牙有关的全部书信、文章和评论。除非另有说明,否则注释中仅标记“Orwell”的出处均指《致敬》一书。
1706423418
1706423419 [39] Cusick,Lois [Orr]. “Anarchist Millennium:Memories of the Spanish Revolution of 1936-37.” 1979. Unpublished ms.,courtesy of Elizabeth Cusick;a copy is at the Hoover Institution Library,Stanford University.,p.274.
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