1706427179
[7] “Barcelona’s Farewell to Volunteers,” Hull Daily Mail,29 October 1938;Gates,John. The Story of an American Communist. New York:Thomas Nelson & Sons,1958.,p.67.
1706427180
1706427181
[8] Bernice Kert,The Hemingway Women(New York:Norton,1999),p.299;Moorehead,p.153.Vaill,pp.330-331证实这对夫妇在阅兵期间仍身在巴黎,而不是像流言和盖尔霍恩的作品中的一段话暗示的那样在巴塞罗那。
1706427182
1706427183
[9] 再没有别的数字能像这三位极其杰出的历史学家得出的数字那样天差地别了:Preston,Paul. The Spanish Civil War:Reaction,Revolution,and Revenge. New York:Norton,2006.,p.291的结论为7150,Thomas,Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Revised edition. New York:Random House,2001.,p.833认为应在10000到15000之间,Beevor,Antony. The Battle for Spain:The Spanish Civil War,1936-1939. New York:Penguin,2006.,p.358给出的答案是30000。
1706427184
1706427185
[10] Thomas,Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Revised edition. New York:Random House,2001.,p.852.
1706427186
1706427187
[11] 15 November 1938,Martha Gellhorn Papers,Box 4,Folder 121.
1706427188
1706427189
[12] 此处冲锋队指希特勒青年团。
1706427190
1706427191
[13] Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,p.423.
1706427192
1706427193
[14] Howson,Gerald. Arms for Spain:The Untold Story of the Spanish Civil War. New York:St.Martin’s,1998.,pp.242-243.有部分依靠西班牙共和国空军司令Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros将军及其妻子于1938年11月末前往莫斯科的行程报告中的记录书写的历史记载高估了当时所涉武器的数量。Howson通过研究苏联官方档案发现,真正被运出的武器并没有那么多;同时,由于法国方面的阻挠,抵达西班牙的武器就更少了。
1706427194
1706427195
[15] “Planes Raid Barcelona at Night,” 1 January 1939;“Retreat Orderly Despite Bombings,” 14 January 1939;“Loyalist Defense Held Still Strong,” 17 January 1939;“Barcelona’s Plans Upset by Apathy,” 26 January 1939.
1706427196
1706427197
[16] Teresa Pàmies,Quan érem capitans:memòries d’aquella guerra(Barcelona:DOPESA,1974),quoted in Beevor,Antony. The Battle for Spain:The Spanish Civil War,1936-1939. New York:Penguin,2006.,p.378.
1706427198
1706427199
[17] 3 February 1939,Martha Gellhorn Papers,Box 4,Folder 122;Beevor,Antony. The Battle for Spain:The Spanish Civil War,1936-1939. New York:Penguin,2006.,p.378.
1706427200
1706427201
[18] Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,pp. xi,xvi. 西班牙历史学家Julián Casanova就此给出了不太一样的数据:“将近10万人”在内战期间死于国民军之手;另有5万余人死于战争结束后;“超过6万人”在共和国控制区被杀;到战争结束时,国民军的监狱和集中营共关押了50万人。参阅Casanova,“The Spanish Civil War:History and Memory” in Jump,p.201。
1706427202
1706427203
[19] Thomas,Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Revised edition. New York:Random House,2001.,pp.900-901.
1706427204
1706427205
[20] Beevor,Antony. The Battle for Spain:The Spanish Civil War,1936-1939. New York:Penguin,2006.,p.397.
1706427206
1706427207
[21] Martínez Molinos,Guillem. “El suministro de petróleo,” in La Guerra Civil 16:La economia de guerra. Madrid:Historia 16,1986.,p.95.Traina,p.166,引自这场贸易的中心人物、里贝尔的合伙人威廉·M.布鲁斯特,原文为:“其于1939年3月宣称:‘德士古已经收到了来自国民军方面的2000万现金。’”如果德士古此时仍在对国民军进行贷款展期,那么它售出原油的实际价值还会更高。历史学家经常引用的是600万这样一个更小的数字,其出处来自1940年的《生活》杂志上刊登的一篇由Joseph J. Thorndike Jr撰写的对里贝尔阿谀奉承的简介。然而,在Thorndike访问里贝尔的时间点上,“二战”已经爆发,美国人对法西斯主义的敌意日益升高,里贝尔是有强烈的动机将他与佛朗哥之间的交易淡化处理的。关于德士古的销售额换算成今天的美元价值的金额,参见第3章注释26。
1706427208
1706427209
[22] Sánchez Asiaín,José Ángel. La financiacíon de la guerra civil española:Una aproximacíon histórica. Barcelona:Crítica,2012.,p.399,n.58.
1706427210
1706427211
[23] CAMPSA annual report,1936-1937(published in 1940);José Maria Doussinague in Charles Foltz,The Masquerade in Spain(Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1948),p.52.
1706427212
1706427213
[24] Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,p.505.
1706427214
1706427215
[25] Beevor,Antony. The Battle for Spain:The Spanish Civil War,1936-1939. New York:Penguin,2006.,p.385.
1706427216
1706427217
[26] Enrique Suñer,Los intelectuales y la tragedia española,2nd edition(San Sebastián:Editorial Española,1938),pp.166-167,quoted in Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,pp.505-506.
1706427218
1706427219
[27] Graham,Helen. The War and Its Shadow:Spain’s Civil War in Europe’s Long Twentieth Century. Brighton,UK:Sussex Academic Press,2012.,pp.114,204.
1706427220
1706427221
[28] Bessie,Alvah,and Albert Prago,eds. Our Fight:Writings by Veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade,Spain,1936-1939. New York:Monthly Review Press,1987.,p.337.
1706427222
1706427223
[29] Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,p.503.
1706427224
1706427225
[30] Preston,Paul. The Spanish Holocaust:Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. New York:Norton,2012.,p. xi. 这里的许多统计资料主要参考的是Preston的权威著作The Spanish Holocaust,里面有最新研究得出的最全面的数据。在对战后遭到国民军杀害的人数进行估计时,Stanley Payne所使用的是一个更大的数字——28000(Payne,Stanley. The Spanish Civil War. New York:Cambridge University Press,2012.,pp.104 and 110)。不过,针对战争期间被国民军杀害的人数,他给出的数字则要更小:“至少70000人(或许更多)”,Payne,Stanley. The Spanish Civil War. New York:Cambridge University Press,2012.,p.110。Beevor,Antony. The Battle for Spain:The Spanish Civil War,1936-1939. New York:Penguin,2006.,p.405将战争期间和战后由“佛朗哥恐怖”导致的死亡人数进行了加总,认为“其总数可能接近200000人”——与Preston得出的数字接近。
1706427226
1706427227
[31] Beevor,Antony. The Battle for Spain:The Spanish Civil War,1936-1939. New York:Penguin,2006.,p.405.
1706427228
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.706427179e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]