打字猴:1.70654904e+09
1706549040 [22] Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.50-60.
1706549041
1706549042 [23] Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.58-60。
1706549043
1706549044 [24] Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.76-83。
1706549045
1706549046 [25] Josephus的著作(Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.57)说是谷物、油和酒。
1706549047
1706549048 [26] Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,268.
1706549049
1706549050 [27] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,43-46.
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1706549052 [28] Handy,L. 1994 Among the Host of Heaven:The Syrian-Phoenician Pantheon as Bureaucracy. Winona Lake,3.
1706549053
1706549054 [29] L’Heureux 1979,69-79;Handy,L. 1994 Among the Host of Heaven:The Syrian-Phoenician Pantheon as Bureaucracy. Winona Lake,65-102.
1706549055
1706549056 [30] Clifford,R. 1990 ‘Phoenician Religion’,Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research《美国东方学会期刊》,59-61.她被称为“Rabbat”(RBT),即“夫人”或“母亲”之意(Krahmalkov,C. 2000 Phoenician-Punic Dictionary. Leuven,441)。
1706549057
1706549058 [31] 按照《圣经·旧约》的记载,试图无视世俗世界与天国世界之间区别的泰尔国王,毫不令人意外地遭到了严厉的指责(Ezekiel 28:1-10)。
1706549059
1706549060 [32] Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.144-146,引用的是艾菲索斯的米南德的说法。
1706549061
1706549062 [33] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,150-158;Lipinski 1970.阿施塔特神庙的庙妓亦与他们的顾客一道参与仪式上的演出。
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1706549064 [34] Clifford,R. 1990 ‘Phoenician Religion’,Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research《美国东方学会期刊》,61.
1706549065
1706549066 [35] Clifford,R. 1990 ‘Phoenician Religion’,Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research《美国东方学会期刊》,57。
1706549067
1706549068 [36] Herodotus,The Persian Wars,ed. & tr. A. Godley. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1920-25,2.44.
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1706549070 [37] Nonnus,Dionysiaca,ed. & tr. W. Rouse. 3 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1940,40.429-468.
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1706549072 [38] Nonnus,Dionysiaca,ed. & tr. W. Rouse. 3 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1940,40.469-534。别的希腊作家亦间接提到一个泰尔神话,讲述的是这座神庙如何于2300年前与这座城市一同诞生的事(Herodotus,The Persian Wars,ed. & tr. A. Godley. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1920-25,2.44)。
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1706549074 [39] Herodotus,The Persian Wars,ed. & tr. A. Godley. 4 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1920-25,2.44.翡翠柱子在Pliny,Natural History,ed. & tr. H. Rackham,W. Jones & D. Eichholz. 10 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1962-7,37.75中亦有提及。来自泰尔和遍及地中海的泰尔殖民地的证据明确表明,神庙中的双子柱象征的是在侬努斯的建城神话中出现的橄榄树和不灭火焰。毫无疑问,位于泰尔殖民地加迪斯的麦勒卡特神庙内贮藏着持续燃烧的圣火与金橄榄树。也有人认为这根翡翠圆柱可能起到了灯塔的作用(Katzenstein,H. 1973 The History of Tyre:From the Beginning of the Second Millennium B.C.E. until the Fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire in 538 B.C.E. Jerusalem,87)。然而,来自别处的证据表明,这根圆柱实际上是矗立在神庙建筑群内部的。
1706549075
1706549076 [40] 另一则希腊神话亦将泰尔人最重要的输出品——紫色染料的发现归功于这位神灵。据说当这位天神正陪着他的爱人——女神泰尔罗斯(Tyros)——在布满贝类的海滩散步的时候,他的狗把这些软体动物中的一只给咬了。麦勒卡特很快意识到自己宠物的牙齿染上的颜色的潜力,他将一件长袍染成深紫色,并作为礼物送给了泰尔罗斯。同一个传说的另一个版本是这只狗被带到泰尔的传奇国王菲尼克斯面前,后者下令生产这种紫色染料,并作为王权的标志。后来,极具商业眼光的泰尔人不遗余力地推销这个传说,将一只骨螺和一只拥有紫色牙齿的狗的形象印在他们的货币上(Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,6-9)。
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1706549078 [41] Cross,F. 1972a ‘The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad’,Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research《美国东方学会期刊》,36-42.
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1706549080 [42] 海勒姆与之后的伊思洛巴尔均被冠以“西顿人之王”的头衔(CIS=Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. Pars Prima Inscriptiones Phoenicias Continens. Paris,1881,56)。
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1706549082 [43] Gras,M.,Rouillard,P.,& Teixidor,P. 1991 ‘The Phoenicians and Death’,Berytus,39:127-76,136.
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1706549084 [44] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,166-175.
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1706549086 [45] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,123-126。此处大部分资料均来自《以西结书》,一本写于公元前6世纪末的著作,当时泰尔已不再是海洋的统治者。许多学者相信该书正文的一些段落是一份年代可追溯到公元前9世纪和前8世纪的古老档案的一部分(Ezekiel 27:9-25;相关论点见Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,121-122)。
1706549087
1706549088 [46] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,50-51.
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