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[47] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,50-51.Boardman,J. 2004 ‘Copies of Pottery:By and For Whom?’,in Lomas(ed.)2004,154-155认为罗德岛上的香料作坊更像是希腊人开的,但他并未充分考虑到以下事实:香料瓶的外形为黎凡特风格的。
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[48] Shaw J.,& Shaw,M.(eds.)2000 Kommos. Princeton;Boardman,J. 1980,The Greeks Overseas. 3rd edn. London,57ff.大量黎凡特风格的陶器在该城遗址被发现表明,孔摩斯人与腓尼基人之间有着大量的贸易活动。
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[49] Coldstream,J. 2003 Geometric Greece,2nd edn. London,358-366与Rollig 1992,95认为,在雅典和克里特岛生活着腓尼基人和其他来自近东地区的民族,他们是为了躲避亚述国王萨尔贡二世的征服矛头而逃到了这里的。Burkert,W. 1992 The Orientalizing Revolution:Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age,tr. M. Pinder & W. Burkert. Cambridge,Mass.,21-24认为这些工匠可能与商人们一道四处旅行。关于古地中海世界的东方化现象的各个方面见Riva,C.,& Vella,N.(eds.)2006 Debating Orientalization:Multidisciplinary Approaches to Processes of Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. London中收录的各篇短文。
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[50] 自公元前三四世纪起,来自塞浦路斯的铜锭和大量陶器被出口到黎凡特沿海。塞浦路斯人打这一时期亦开始被归入乌加里特商业地区的居民之列(Kochavi,M. 1992 ‘Some Connections between the Aegean and the Levant in the Second Millennium BC:A View from the East’,in Kopcke & Tokumaru(eds.)1992,10-13)。
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[51] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,147.一段碑铭上记录了塞浦路斯岛上有一位驻于“迦太基城”的泰尔籍总督(CIS=Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. Pars Prima Inscriptiones Phoenicias Continens. Paris,1881,56)。但这座“迦太基城”是基提翁城还是别的尚未发现的城市,仍是个未解之谜。
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[52] Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.146.公元前9世纪初的一篇塞浦路斯文碑铭,经一位译者翻译后,意为一位泰尔籍军事长官为夸耀其军队蹂躏了这座岛屿的战功而立起了这座纪念碑(KAI = H. Donner & W. Röllig(eds.),Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften,3rd edn,3 vols. Wiesbaden,1964,30,ll.1-3)。一篇更为古老的——源自公元前12世纪——在加扎(Ghaza)附近发现的石碑上的铭文宣称是巴尔神蹂躏了塞浦路斯。这段铭文被视为腓尼基人以暴力手段介入该岛事务的历史证据。
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[53] Karageorghis,V. 1998:Greek Gods and Heroes in Ancient Cyprus. Athens.
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[54] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,155.
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[55] Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,269.
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[56] Postgate,J. 1974 Taxation and Conscription in the Assyrian Empire. Rome.
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[57] Postgate,J. 1969 Neo-Assyrian Royal Grants and Decrees. Rome;1979,200-214.
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[58] Kuhrt,A. 1995 The Ancient Near East c.3000-330 BC. 2 vols. London,518-519.
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[59] Russell,J. 1991 Sennacherib’s Palace without Rival at Nineveh. Chicago.
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[60] Postgate,J. 1979 ‘The Economic Structure of the Assyrian Empire’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,218;Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,90-92;Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,272-273.
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[61] Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,286.
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[62] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,90-92.
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[63] Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,273.
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[64] 近年来在西班牙西南部港口韦尔瓦进行的发掘行为,似乎为公元前9世纪腓尼基人曾在该地进行商业活动的事实提供了强有力的证据(González de Canales,F.,Serrano,L.,& Llompart,J. 2006 ‘The Pre-Colonial Phoenician Emporium of Huelva ca. 900-770 BC’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,81:13-29)。相关观点见Gubel,E. 2006 ‘Notes on the Phoenician Component of the Orientalizing Horizon’,in Riva,C.,& Vella,N.(eds.)2006 Debating Orientalization:Multidisciplinary Approaches to Processes of Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. London,87;Fletcher,R. 2006 ‘The Cultural Biography of a Phoenician Mushroom-Lipped Jug’,Oxford Journal of Archaeology《牛津考古学杂志》,191。对前殖民地时代腓尼基人所进行的商业活动的怀疑见Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,200-211;Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,71-75。
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[65] Giardino,C. 1992 ‘Nuragic Sardinia and the Mediterranean:Metallurgy and Maritime Traffic’,in Tykot & Andrews(eds.)1992,304-16;Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,75-76.
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[66] Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,76-80.
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[67] Stos-Gale,Z. A.,& Gale,N. H. 1992 ‘New Light on the Provenience of the Copper Oxhide Ingots Found on Sardinia’,in Tykot & Andrews(eds.)1992,317-337.
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[68] Fletcher,R. 2004 ‘Sidonians,Tyrians and Greeks in the Mediterranean:The Evidence from Egyptianising Amulets’,Ancient West and East《古代的西方与东方》,3,1:51-77;Fletcher,R. 2006 ‘The Cultural Biography of a Phoenician Mushroom-Lipped Jug’,Oxford Journal of Archaeology《牛津考古学杂志》,25,2:173-94的一些观点很有意思,如与土著社群之间的合作和融合原为西顿商人的使命,最终被泰尔殖民者取代。这些观点颇为引人注目,但目前尚未得到证实。
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[69] Ridgway,D. 1992 The First Western Greeks. Cambridge,120.
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[70] D’Oriano,R.,& Oggiano,I. 2005 ‘Iolao ecista di Olbia:le evidenze archeologiche tra VIII e VI secolo a.C.’,in Bernardini & Zucca(eds.)2005,169-98.该移民点可能于公元前6世纪末被废弃。
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[71] Rendeli,M. 2005 ‘La Sardegna e gli Eubei’,in Bernardini & Zucca(eds.)2005,92-97;Ridgway,D. 2004,‘Euboeans and Others along the Tyrrhenian Seaboard in the 8th Century B.C.’,in Lomas(ed.)2004,16-19.因埃维亚与腓尼基在地中海地区殖民、贸易及交流活动的本质而起的争论长期存在,甚至导致了越来越深的恶意。相应事例见Snodgrass,A. M. 1994 ‘The Nature and Standing of the Early Western Colonies’,in Tsetskhladze & De Angelis(eds.)1994,1-10;Papadopoulos,J. 1997 ‘Phantom Euboians’,Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology,10:191-219;Morris,S. 1998 ‘Bearing Greek Gifts:Euboean Pottery on Sardinia’,in Balmuth & Tykot(eds.)1998,361-2;Ridgway,D. 1994 ‘Phoenicians and Greeks in the West:A View from Pithekoussai’,in Tsetskhladze & De Angelis(eds.)1994,35-46;2000,183-185;2004,22-28;Boardman,J. 2005 ‘Al Mina:Notes and Queries’,Ancient West and East《古代的西方与东方》,4,2:278-91。
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