打字猴:1.706549076e+09
1706549076 [40] 另一则希腊神话亦将泰尔人最重要的输出品——紫色染料的发现归功于这位神灵。据说当这位天神正陪着他的爱人——女神泰尔罗斯(Tyros)——在布满贝类的海滩散步的时候,他的狗把这些软体动物中的一只给咬了。麦勒卡特很快意识到自己宠物的牙齿染上的颜色的潜力,他将一件长袍染成深紫色,并作为礼物送给了泰尔罗斯。同一个传说的另一个版本是这只狗被带到泰尔的传奇国王菲尼克斯面前,后者下令生产这种紫色染料,并作为王权的标志。后来,极具商业眼光的泰尔人不遗余力地推销这个传说,将一只骨螺和一只拥有紫色牙齿的狗的形象印在他们的货币上(Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,6-9)。
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1706549078 [41] Cross,F. 1972a ‘The Stele Dedicated to Melcarth by Ben-Hadad’,Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research《美国东方学会期刊》,36-42.
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1706549080 [42] 海勒姆与之后的伊思洛巴尔均被冠以“西顿人之王”的头衔(CIS=Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. Pars Prima Inscriptiones Phoenicias Continens. Paris,1881,56)。
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1706549082 [43] Gras,M.,Rouillard,P.,& Teixidor,P. 1991 ‘The Phoenicians and Death’,Berytus,39:127-76,136.
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1706549084 [44] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,166-175.
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1706549086 [45] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,123-126。此处大部分资料均来自《以西结书》,一本写于公元前6世纪末的著作,当时泰尔已不再是海洋的统治者。许多学者相信该书正文的一些段落是一份年代可追溯到公元前9世纪和前8世纪的古老档案的一部分(Ezekiel 27:9-25;相关论点见Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,121-122)。
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1706549088 [46] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,50-51.
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1706549090 [47] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,50-51.Boardman,J. 2004 ‘Copies of Pottery:By and For Whom?’,in Lomas(ed.)2004,154-155认为罗德岛上的香料作坊更像是希腊人开的,但他并未充分考虑到以下事实:香料瓶的外形为黎凡特风格的。
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1706549092 [48] Shaw J.,& Shaw,M.(eds.)2000 Kommos. Princeton;Boardman,J. 1980,The Greeks Overseas. 3rd edn. London,57ff.大量黎凡特风格的陶器在该城遗址被发现表明,孔摩斯人与腓尼基人之间有着大量的贸易活动。
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1706549094 [49] Coldstream,J. 2003 Geometric Greece,2nd edn. London,358-366与Rollig 1992,95认为,在雅典和克里特岛生活着腓尼基人和其他来自近东地区的民族,他们是为了躲避亚述国王萨尔贡二世的征服矛头而逃到了这里的。Burkert,W. 1992 The Orientalizing Revolution:Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age,tr. M. Pinder & W. Burkert. Cambridge,Mass.,21-24认为这些工匠可能与商人们一道四处旅行。关于古地中海世界的东方化现象的各个方面见Riva,C.,& Vella,N.(eds.)2006 Debating Orientalization:Multidisciplinary Approaches to Processes of Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. London中收录的各篇短文。
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1706549096 [50] 自公元前三四世纪起,来自塞浦路斯的铜锭和大量陶器被出口到黎凡特沿海。塞浦路斯人打这一时期亦开始被归入乌加里特商业地区的居民之列(Kochavi,M. 1992 ‘Some Connections between the Aegean and the Levant in the Second Millennium BC:A View from the East’,in Kopcke & Tokumaru(eds.)1992,10-13)。
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1706549098 [51] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,147.一段碑铭上记录了塞浦路斯岛上有一位驻于“迦太基城”的泰尔籍总督(CIS=Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum. Pars Prima Inscriptiones Phoenicias Continens. Paris,1881,56)。但这座“迦太基城”是基提翁城还是别的尚未发现的城市,仍是个未解之谜。
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1706549100 [52] Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.146.公元前9世纪初的一篇塞浦路斯文碑铭,经一位译者翻译后,意为一位泰尔籍军事长官为夸耀其军队蹂躏了这座岛屿的战功而立起了这座纪念碑(KAI = H. Donner & W. Röllig(eds.),Kanaanäische und aramäische Inschriften,3rd edn,3 vols. Wiesbaden,1964,30,ll.1-3)。一篇更为古老的——源自公元前12世纪——在加扎(Ghaza)附近发现的石碑上的铭文宣称是巴尔神蹂躏了塞浦路斯。这段铭文被视为腓尼基人以暴力手段介入该岛事务的历史证据。
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1706549102 [53] Karageorghis,V. 1998:Greek Gods and Heroes in Ancient Cyprus. Athens.
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1706549104 [54] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,155.
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1706549106 [55] Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,269.
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1706549108 [56] Postgate,J. 1974 Taxation and Conscription in the Assyrian Empire. Rome.
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1706549110 [57] Postgate,J. 1969 Neo-Assyrian Royal Grants and Decrees. Rome;1979,200-214.
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1706549112 [58] Kuhrt,A. 1995 The Ancient Near East c.3000-330 BC. 2 vols. London,518-519.
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1706549114 [59] Russell,J. 1991 Sennacherib’s Palace without Rival at Nineveh. Chicago.
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1706549116 [60] Postgate,J. 1979 ‘The Economic Structure of the Assyrian Empire’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,218;Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,90-92;Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,272-273.
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1706549118 [61] Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,286.
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1706549120 [62] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,90-92.
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1706549122 [63] Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,273.
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1706549124 [64] 近年来在西班牙西南部港口韦尔瓦进行的发掘行为,似乎为公元前9世纪腓尼基人曾在该地进行商业活动的事实提供了强有力的证据(González de Canales,F.,Serrano,L.,& Llompart,J. 2006 ‘The Pre-Colonial Phoenician Emporium of Huelva ca. 900-770 BC’,Bulletin antieke Beschavung《古代文明学报》,81:13-29)。相关观点见Gubel,E. 2006 ‘Notes on the Phoenician Component of the Orientalizing Horizon’,in Riva,C.,& Vella,N.(eds.)2006 Debating Orientalization:Multidisciplinary Approaches to Processes of Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. London,87;Fletcher,R. 2006 ‘The Cultural Biography of a Phoenician Mushroom-Lipped Jug’,Oxford Journal of Archaeology《牛津考古学杂志》,191。对前殖民地时代腓尼基人所进行的商业活动的怀疑见Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,200-211;Van Dommelen,P. 1998 In Colonial Grounds:A Comparative Study of Colonialism and Rural Settlement in First Millennium BC West Central Sardinia. Leiden,71-75。
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