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[2] 亚述国王提格拉特帕拉沙尔一世(约公元前1114~前1076)已进入过腓尼基地区,并从当地各城的统治者那里收到了大量贡品(Moscati,S. 1968 The World of the Phoenicians,tr. Alastair Hamilton. London,10)。
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[3] Kuhrt,A. 1995 The Ancient Near East c.3000-330 BC. 2 vols. London,483-487.
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[4] Kuhrt,A. 1995 The Ancient Near East c.3000-330 BC. 2 vols. London,第473~478页中关于亚述编年史及其他历史文献的章节。Liverani,M. 1979 ‘The Ideology of the Assyrian Empire’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,297-317与Reade. J. 1979 ‘Ideology and Propaganda in Assyrian Art’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,329-43中关于亚述艺术中蕴含的思想意识与宣传活动的章节。Kuhrt 1985,501-523中关于亚述帝国意识形态及帝国的章节。Oded,B. 1979 Mass Deportations and Deportees in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Wiesbaden中关于亚述统治者普遍使用的放逐手段的章节。
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[5] 公元前15世纪时的档案记录了这么一件事,埃及法老图特摩斯三世(Tuthmosis Ⅲ)发现本国缺少大型树木,于是遣军进入腓尼基地区,并着手将一年生的树木用船运回埃及(Markoe,G. 2000 Phoenicians. Berkeley,15)。
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[6] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,6-13;Huss,W. 1985 Geschichte der Karthager. Munich,5ff.;Gubel,E. 2006 ‘Notes on the Phoenician Component of the Orientalizing Horizon’,in Riva,C.,& Vella,N.(eds.)2006 Debating Orientalization:Multidisciplinary Approaches to Processes of Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. London,86-87.希腊语中的“腓尼基人”很可能不仅指黎凡特沿海地区的居民,还包括了叙利亚北部各国的人民(Rollig 1992,93)。关于近年来为将北部的腓尼基/叙利亚的商业活动同南部的腓尼基/叙利亚的商业活动区分开来所做的尝试见Fletcher,R. 2004 ‘Sidonians,Tyrians and Greeks in the Mediterranean:The Evidence from Egyptianising Amulets’,Ancient West and East《古代的西方与东方》,3,1:51-77;Fletcher,R. 2006 ‘The Cultural Biography of a Phoenician Mushroom-Lipped Jug’,Oxford Journal of Archaeology《牛津考古学杂志》,187-192;Peckham,B. 1998 ‘Phoenicians in Sardinia:Tyrians or Sidonians?’,in Balmuth & Tykot(eds.)1998,347-54。我相信叙利亚北部的沿海诸城邦也和黎凡特地区各国一样,参与了海外贸易,因而我将它们并入了腓尼基共同体之内。
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[7] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,144-158;Moscati,S. 1968 The World of the Phoenicians,tr. Alastair Hamilton. London.一些专家认为,北部城市比布鲁斯和亚瓦底土语的书面语和口语,与在南部沿海地区占统治地位的泰罗-西顿(Tyro-Sidonian)土语有着明显的不同(Krahmalkov,C. 2001 A Phoenician-Punic Grammar. Leiden,7-9)。
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[8] Liverani,M. 1990 Prestige and Interest:International Relations in the Near East ca. 1600-1100 B.C. Padua.
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[9] Horden,P.,& Purcell,N. 2000 The Corrupting Sea:A History of Mediterranean History. Oxford,10-11.Harris,W. 2005 ‘The Mediterranean and Ancient History’,in Harris(ed.)2005,15对这一称呼是否普遍存在于近东地区表示怀疑。
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[10] Ezekiel 27:4.
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[11] Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,264.
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[12] Kochavi,M. 1992 ‘Some Connections between the Aegean and the Levant in the Second Millennium BC:A View from the East’,in Kopcke & Tokumaru(eds.)1992,8-13.
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[13] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,105-114;Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,264-268.
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[14] Isaiah 23:8;Ezekiel 26:16.Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,145-147.
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[15] Kochavi,M. 1992 ‘Some Connections between the Aegean and the Levant in the Second Millennium BC:A View from the East’,in Kopcke & Tokumaru(eds.)1992,13-15.
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[16] 针对腓尼基物质文明的综合研究见Markoe,G. 2000 Phoenicians. Berkeley,143-166。
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[17] 用来对付这些恶魔的符咒可追溯到公元前7世纪,它们是用腓尼基语书写的(Clifford,R. 1990 ‘Phoenician Religion’,Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research《美国东方学会期刊》,58)。
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[18] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,6-9.
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[19] Moscati,S. 1968 The World of the Phoenicians,tr. Alastair Hamilton. London,83-84;Markoe,G. 2000 Phoenicians. Berkeley,163-164.
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[20] Aubet,M. 2001 The Phoenicians and the West:Politics,Colonies and Trade. 2nd edn,tr. M. Turton. Cambridge,39-43.
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[21] 2 Samuel,5:10-11.
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[22] Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.50-60.
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[23] Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.58-60。
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[24] Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.76-83。
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[25] Josephus的著作(Josephus,Jewish Antiquities,ed. & tr. H. Thackeray et al. 13 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1930-65,8.57)说是谷物、油和酒。
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[26] Frankenstein,S. 1979 ‘The Phoenicians in the Far West:A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism’,in Larsen(ed.)1979,268.
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