打字猴:1.706553261e+09
1706553261
1706553262 [19] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,42.3.4.
1706553263
1706553264 [20] Crawford,M. 1985 Coinage and Money under the Roman Republic:Italy and the Mediterranean Economy. London,66.
1706553265
1706553266 [21] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,30.24.5-30.25.8,30.29.1.一份来自埃及的(P.Rylands Ⅲ 491),年代可追溯到公元前130年之前某个时候的莎草纸残卷,似乎以一个截然不同的角度记载了当时发生的外交纠纷。特别是其中并未提及抢劫罗马人的货船及伏击之事,令人不由得怀疑这些事件可能有所夸大,乃至完全是波利比乌斯或其他亲罗马作家捏造出来的(Hoffmann,W. 1942 Livius und der Zweite Punische Krieg. Berlin)。即便如此,埃克斯坦(1987,253-254)仍提出了一个令人信服的观点:波利比乌斯的记载从大体上看——尽管它可能竭力从正面角度美化西庇阿——或许是可信的。有人认为这份莎草纸残卷可能其实是罗马历史学家费边·皮克托的著作摘录中的一部分,相应观点参见Hoyos,B. D. 2001a ‘Polybius and the Papyrus:The Persuasiveness of P. Rylands III 491’,Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik,134:71-9。
1706553267
1706553268 [22] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,30.29.1-4.
1706553269
1706553270 [23] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,30.29.5-30.31.9。
1706553271
1706553272 [24] Lazenby,J. F. 1978 Hannibal’s War. Warminster,221-227.
1706553273
1706553274 [25] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,30.32.4-30.35.3.
1706553275
1706553276 [26] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,30.35.4-30.37.6。
1706553277
1706553278 [27] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,30.37.7-11,30.42.11-30.43.9。
1706553279
1706553280 [28] Cornelius Nepos,Hamilcar,Hannibal,Timoleon,in Lives of Eminent Commanders,ed. & tr. J. Rolfe. London,1929. 7.1-4;Aurelius Victor,De Caesaribus [On the Caesars],tr. H. Bird. Liverpool,1994,37.3.
1706553281
1706553282 [29] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,33.46.1-33.47.5.
1706553283
1706553284 [30] Lancel,S. 1995 Carthage:A History,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,404.
1706553285
1706553286 [31] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,33.45.6-8.有关罗马与安条克之间的战争的全面历史记录见Grainger,J. 2002 The Roman War of Antiochus the Great. Leiden;Errington,R. 1971 The Dawn of Empire:Rome’s Rise to World Power. London,156-183。
1706553287
1706553288 [32] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,33.48.9-33.49.8.
1706553289
1706553290 [33] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,34.60.4-6.进攻意大利的计划很可能是为了说服安条克,让其加入汉尼拔制定的大战略之中而设计的,这一战略旨在发动一场新的对罗马战争;见Grainger,J. 2002 The Roman War of Antiochus the Great. Leiden,143-145。
1706553291
1706553292 [34] Grainger,J. 2002 The Roman War of Antiochus the Great. Leiden,143-145.
1706553293
1706553294 [35] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,34.60.3-4.
1706553295
1706553296 [36] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,36.7。进攻意大利的提议的不现实性使得一些学者猜测这些计划可能是后人伪造的(Lancel,S. 1999 Hannibal,tr. Antonia Nevill. Oxford,200;Grainger,J. 2002 The Roman War of Antiochus the Great. Leiden,223-224)。
1706553297
1706553298 [37] Grainger,J. 2002 The Roman War of Antiochus the Great. Leiden,270.
1706553299
1706553300 [38] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,37.8.3,37.23.7-37.24.13.
1706553301
1706553302 [39] 关于汉尼拔在克里特的活动见Cornelius Nepos,Hamilcar,Hannibal,Timoleon,in Lives of Eminent Commanders,ed. & tr. J. Rolfe. London,1929. 9.1;Justin,Apologies,ed. A. Blunt. Cambridge,1911,32.4.3-5。在亚美尼亚的活动见Strabo,Geography,ed. & tr. H. Jones. 8 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1917-67,11.14.6;Plutarch,Parallel Lives,ed. & tr. B. Perrin. 11 vols.(Camillus,Cato Major,Lucullus,Themistocles - vol. 2.)Cambridge,Mass.,1914-26,31.4-5。
1706553303
1706553304 [40] Livy,History of Rome [inc. Epitome],ed. & tr. B. Foster et al. 14 vols. Cambridge,Mass.,1961-7,39.51.
1706553305
1706553306 [41] Plutarch,Parallel Lives,ed. & tr. B. Perrin. 11 vols.(Gaius Gracchus,Flaminius - vol. 10.)Cambridge,Mass.,1914-26,21.5.
1706553307
1706553308 [42] Plutarch,Parallel Lives,ed. & tr. B. Perrin. 11 vols.(Gaius Gracchus,Flaminius - vol. 10.)Cambridge,Mass.,1914-26,21.1。
1706553309
1706553310 [43] De Beer,G. 1969 Hannibal:The Struggle for Power in the Mediterranean. London,291.
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