1706699134
[9] 同上书,p.313。
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1706699136
[10] 参见Benjanmin Schwartz(史华慈), In Search of Wealth and Power: Yen Fu and the West(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964),该书是英语学界对严复的最具权威性的研究;还可参见James Reeve Pusey(浦嘉珉),China and Charles Darwin(Cambridge, MA
:Harvard University Press, 1983), 该书是对这一问题的更宽泛研究。
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[11] Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought(Boston
:Beacon Press,1955), p.3.
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[12] 同上书,p.5。
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[13] “该词第一次进入……[英国]政治是在19世纪70年代,直到70年代末仍是一个新词。到了19世纪90年代,它突然被普遍使用。”Eric Hobsbawm,The Age of Empire(New York
:Pantheon Books,1987),p.60.
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1706699144
[14] 吴稚晖:《无政府主义以教育为革命说》(1908年9月19日)。引自Peter Zarrow(沙培德), Anarchism and Chinese Political Culture(New York
:Columbia University Press, 1990),p.121。
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1706699146
[15] 引自Jerome B.Grieder(贾祖麟),Intellectuals and the State in Modern China(New York: The Free Press,1981),p.117。
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1706699148
[16] 引自Tse-tsung Chow(周策纵),“The Anti-Confucian Movement in Early Republican China”,收入A.F.Wright(芮沃寿)编:The Confucian Persuasion(Stanford
:Stanford University Press, 1960),p.292。
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[17] 这一点是现代哲学家与历史学家Isaiah Berlin半带戏谑地提出的。
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[18] 参见Kenneth B. Pyle, The New Generation in Meiji Japan: Problems of Cultural Identity, 1885-1895 (Stanford
:Stanford University Press,1969)。
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1706699154
[19] Hao Chang(张灏), Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-1907 (Cambridge,MA
:Harvard University Press, 1971)。对梁启超公民权观念的讨论,还可参见Peter Zarrow(沙培德), “Introduction: Citizenship in China and the West”,收入Joshua A.Fogel(傅佛果)与Peter G.Zarrow(沙培德)编:Imagining the people: Chinese Intellectuals and the Concept of Citizenship, 1890-1920 (Armonk, NY
:M.E.Sharpe,1997),pp.3-38,以及Andrew J.Nathan(黎安友),Chinese Democracy(Berkeley
:University of California Press, 1986),pp.45-66。
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1706699156
[20] 梁启超:《论近世国民竞争之大势及中国前途》(1899年)。引自Hao Chang(张灏),Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-1907 ,p.164。
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1706699158
[21] 梁启超:《新民说》(台北,台湾中华,1959),12~16页;参见Hao Chang(张灏),Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-1907 , pp.151-152。
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[22] 引自Wm.Theodore de Bary(狄百瑞)等编:Sources of Chinese Tradition, 2 Vols (New York
:Columbia University Press, 1960),2
:95。
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[23] 梁启超:《新民说》。引自Hao Chang(张灏),Liang Ch’i-ch’ao and Intellectual Transition in China, 1890-1907 , p.100。
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1706699164
[24] 梁启超:《新民说》,6页。
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1706699166
[25] 引自Joan Judge(季家珍), Print and Politics: Shibao and the Culture of Reform in Late Qing China(Stanford
:Stanford University Press, 1996),p.59(修订版)。
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1706699168
[26] 一个稍微有些不同的解释,见Stephen Angle(安靖如), Human Rights and Chinese Thought
:A Cross-Cultural Inquiry(Cambridge
:Cambridge University Press,2002),pp.140-162。
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1706699170
[27] 邹容:《革命军》。英文译者:John Lust, The Revolutionary Army: A Chinese Nationalist Tract of 1903(The Hague: Mouton & Co.,1968),p.1。
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1706699172
[28] 引自Edward J.M.Rhoads(路康乐),Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861-1928 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000), p.189。
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1706699174
[29] 胡汉民:《〈民报〉之六大主义》。译文出自Wm.Theodore de Bary(狄百瑞)等编: Sourses of Chinese Tradition, 2
:101-102。
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[30] 参见Frank Dikötter(冯客),The Discourse of Race in Modern China。
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[31] 因为一些原因(包括他大部分文章的深奥难懂),章炳麟在历史上一直是有争议的。最近的一个概述是Young-tsu Wong(汪荣祖), Search for Modern Nationalism: Zhang Binglin and Revolutionary China, 1869-1936 (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1989)。
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[32] 清朝对族群的态度,参见Mark Elliott(欧立德), The Manchu Way, 以及Pamela Crossley(柯娇燕), “Thinking About Ethnicity in Early Modern China,” Late Imperial China vol.11, no.1(June 1990),pp.1-35。以及特别是Translucent Mirror。
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1706699182
[33] Patricia Ebrey(伊沛霞),“Surnames and Han Chinese Identity”,收入Melisssa J.Brown(鲍梅立)编:Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan (Berkeley:Center for Chinese Studies, University of California, 1996), pp.19-36。
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