1707120441
1707120442
许多学者将历史文献与考古文物当作“过去发生的事”的记录与遗存。他们相信，以考据史料、史事真伪，以及对文物的比较、分类，可重建过去发生的事实。然而，我们可以从另一种角度来看古史记载，来思考考古文物，探讨它们所反映的社会情景及相关的族群现象。由这种角度来看，古代文献记载与文物遗存可当作人群集体记忆的遗存，它们是在某种个人或社会的主观“意图”下被创作以及被保存的。在这种研究中，我们主要探索的并非是过去的事实（但并非否定研究史实的重要性），而是古人为何要以文献与文物来组织、保存某种记忆，也就是探索古人的“意图”及其社会背景。
1707120443
1707120444
在我们当代现实生活中，族群认同的产生与族群边界的维持，结构性失忆与族群认同变迁，以及与此有关的历史记忆的选择、强化、重整与遗忘（反映在媒体舆论、历史研究、历史教育或学术精英的言论等之中），随时都发生在我们左右。因此，观察体会一个族群或民族的本质，以及历史记忆与失忆如何凝聚或改变一个族群，社会人群如何借各种媒介来保存与强化各种记忆，必将有助于我们理解历史文献与考古文物所蕴含的“过去”的本质，以及许多“民族史”著作的社会意义。在此，历史学与人类学可能产生一个交集。
1707120445
1707120446
(1) Clifford Geertz, “After the Revolution: The Fate of Nationalism in the New States,” chap. 9 in Interpretation of Cultures （New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1973）.
1707120447
1707120448
(2) Judith Nagata, “In Defense of Ethnic Boundaries: the Changing Myths and Charters of Malay Identity,” in Ethnic Change, p.89.
1707120449
1707120450
(3) Pierre L. van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, pp. xi, 5–8, 17–27.
1707120451
1707120452
(4) Richard H. Thompson, Theories of Ethnicity （New York: Greenwood Press, 1989）, pp.21–48.
1707120453
1707120454
(5) 将社会生物学应用在人类社会结群的诠释上，一部集大成的也是最受争议的著作，可能是Richard D. Alexander所著的Darwinism and Human Affairs （Seattle: The University of Washington Press, 1979）。萨林斯（Marshall Sahlins）曾提出他对于社会生物学使用在人类社会结群诠释上的疑虑，见其所著The Use and Abuse of Biology: An Anthropological Critique of Sociobiology （Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1976）。
1707120455
1707120456
(6) Marshall Sahlins, The Use and Abuse of Biology.
1707120457
1707120458
(7) Clifford Geertz, “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civil Politics in the New States,” in The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays （New York: Basic Books, 1973）, pp.261–262; Charles Keyes,“The Dialectics of Ethnic Change,” in Ethnic Change, p.5.
1707120459
1707120460
(8) Robin Fox, Kinship and Marriage （Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967）, pp.27–40.
1707120461
1707120462
(9) 这在东非、欧亚草原许多多妻制（co-wives）的游牧社会中尤为明显；当这样的家庭分裂时，每一个母亲与她的子女成为一个新的家庭单位。请参考P. H. Gulliver,The Family Herds: A Study of Two Pastoral Tribes in East Africa the Jie and Turkana （London: Routledge & Kegan Paul LTD, 1955）, pp.49–100。
1707120463
1707120464
(10) E. E. Evans-Pritchard, The Nuer （Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1940）, pp.199–200.
1707120465
1707120466
(11) P. H. Gulliver, The Family Herds: A Study of Two Pastoral Tribes in East Africa, the Jie and Turkana, pp.108–117.
1707120467
1707120468
(12) Hildred Geertz & Clifford Geertz, Kinship in Bali （Chicago: University of Chicago,1975）, pp. 85–94; Caroline Humphrey, “The Uses of Genealogy: A historical study of the nomadic and sedentarised Buryat,” Pastoral Production and Society, ed. by L’Équipe écologie et anthropologie des sociétés pastorales （Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979）, p.235.
1707120469
1707120470
(13) Edmund Blair Bolles, Remembering and Forgetting: An Inquiry into the Nature of Memory（New York: Walker & Co., 1988）; Yrjo Engestrom et al.,“Organizational Forgetting: an Activity-Theoretical Perspective,” in Collective Remembering, ed. by David Middleton & Derek Edwards （London: Sage Publications, 1990）, pp.139–168; R. Jacoby, Social Amnesia: A Critique of Conformist Psychology from Adler to R. D. Laing （Sussex: Harvester, 1975）.
1707120471
1707120472
(14) David Middleton & Derek Edwards, “Introduction,” in Collective Remembering, p.2.
1707120473
1707120474
(15) Lewis A. Coser, “Introduction: Maurice Halbwachs,” in On Collective Memory, ed.& trans. by Lewis A. Coser （Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1992）; Maurice Halbwachs, Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire （Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1952）.
1707120475
1707120476
(16) David Bakhurst, “Social Memory in Soviet Thought,” in Collective Remembering, pp.210–212.
1707120477
1707120478
(17) F. C. Bartlett, Remembering: a Study in Experimental and Social Psychology （London: Cambridge University Press, 1932）, pp.199–202, 296.
1707120479
1707120480
(18) Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, pp.38, 119; Lewis A. Coser, “Introduction: Maurice Halbwachs,” in On Collective Memory, p.22.
1707120481
1707120482
(19) L. S. Vygotsky, Mind in Society: the Development of Higher Psychological Processes （Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978）.
1707120483
1707120484
(20) F. C. Bartlett, Remembering: a Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, p.206.
1707120485
1707120486
(21) Alan Radley, “Artefacts, Memory and a Sense of the Past,” in Collective Remembering; F. A. Yates, The Art of Memory （London: Penguin Books, 1969）.
1707120487
1707120488
(22) Yrjo Engestrom et al., “Organizational Forgetting: an Activity-Theoretical Perspective,” in Collective Remembering.
1707120489
1707120490
(23) Maurice Halbwachs, On Collective Memory, p.65.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.707120441e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]