打字猴:1.707346114e+09
1707346114 14 H. James Burgwyn, Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period 1918—1940, Westport, Conn., 1997, p. 194.
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1707346116 15 Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 42; Burgwyn, p. 194.
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1707346118 16 DGFP,6,第 574—580 页;参见 Gerhard L. Weinberg,The Foreign Policy of Hitler’s Germany:Starting World War II,1937—1939(Chicago/London,1980),第 79—81 页(第 579 页,讨论了这份文件的真实性,纽伦堡审判开始就有人对其提出质疑)。
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1707346120 17 Ciano’s Diary, p. 116.
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1707346122 18 Ciano’s Diary, pp. 122—123.
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1707346124 19 Quotations in Ciano’s Diary, pp. 123—125.
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1707346126 20 Ciano’s Diary, pp. 126—130.
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1707346128 21 Ciano’s Diary, p. 133.
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1707346130 22 DGFP, 7, doc. 271, p. 286 (25.8.39); Burgwyn, pp. 203—204.
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1707346132 23 DGFP, 7, doc. 317, p. 323; Burgwyn, pp. 204—205.
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1707346134 24 Ciano’s Diary, pp. 134—136; Enno von Rintelen, Mussolini als Bundesgenosse. Erinnerungen des deutschen Militärattachés in Rom 1936—1943, Tübingen/Stuttgart, 1951, p. 71; Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 43. 关于“非交战国”的概念,参见 Neville Wylie(ed.),European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War(Cambridge,2002),第 4 页。
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1707346136 25 What follows relies on Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, pp. 16—19; and MacGregor Knox, Hitler’s Italian Allies. Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940—1943, Cambridge, 2000, pp. 29—32.
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1707346138 26 Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 10.
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1707346140 27 Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini as a Military Leader, Reading 1974, pp. 17, 28—29. 不利于对情报做出准确评估的另一个因素是,意大利没有一个综合性的情报机构(因为墨索里尼将情报机构看作对他权力的威胁),见 MacGregor Knox,“Fascist Italy Assesses its Enemies,1935—1940”,in Ernest R. May(ed.),Knowing One’s Enemies:Intelligence Assessment before the Two World Wars(Princeton, 1983),第 347—372 页。
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1707346142 28 For the following, see Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, pp. 18—30; and Knox, Common Destiny, pp. 152—157.
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1707346144 29 Quoted in Knox, Common Destiny, p. 155; and Knox, Mussolini Unleashed, p. 10. 以国民生产总值来衡量,意大利在经济上是 1940 年各强国中最弱的一个,它的军费支出只有德国的三分之一,见 Mark Harrison(ed.),The Economics of World War II:Six Great Powers in International Comparison(Cambridge,1998),第 10 页,第 21 页。Vera Zamagni,“Italy:How to Lose the War and Win the Peace”,in Mark Harrison(ed.),The Economics of World War II:Six Great Powers in International Comparison(Cambridge,1998),第 177—223 页,认为意大利的经济水平不足以让它有力地参与这场战争,更不要说赢得战争了。
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1707346146 30 关于“权力联合体”一词在纳粹政权中的应用,见 Peter Hüttenberger,“Nationalsozialistische Polykratie”,Geschichte und Gesellschaft,2(1976),第 417—442 页;Ian Kershaw,The Nazi Dictatorship:Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation,4th edn.(London,2000),第 58—59 页。
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1707346148 31 Payne, pp. 119, 122.
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1707346150 32 Payne, p. 117.
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1707346152 33 Adrian Lyttleton, The Seizure of Power, London, 1973, pp. 72—75, 175; Bosworth, Mussolini, pp. 154—155, 160—165.
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1707346154 34 Payne, pp. 116, 118—119.
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1707346156 35 Martin Broszat, Der Staat Hitlers, Munich, 1969, p. 262; Dieter Rebentisch, Führerstaat und Verwaltung im Zweiten Weltkrieg, Stuttgart, 1989, p. 422.
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1707346158 36 Maurizio Bach, Die charismatischen Führerdiktaturen. Drittes Reich und italienischer Faschismus im Vergleich ihrer Herrschaftsstrukturen, Baden-Baden, 1990, p. 111.
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1707346160 37 Payne, p. 221.
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1707346162 38 See Corner, esp. pp. 199, 206—217.
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