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11 Allsen，‘Mongolian Princes and Their Merchant Partners’，p. 92.
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12 Juvaini，Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha，p. 60；Juvaini，History of the World-Conqueror，p. 79；Leslie Whitaker，The Beardstown Ladies’Common-Sense Investment Guide: How We Beat the Stock Market – And How You Can, Too（New York，1996）.
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13 Allsen，‘Mongolian Princes and Their Merchant Partners’，p. 93.
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14 Larry W. Moses，‘A Theoretical Approach to the Process of Inner Asian Confederation’，Etudes Mongoles，V（1974），pp. 115-116. 一个环境方面的原因是，鄂尔浑河、土拉河和色楞格河提供了丰美的水草，对任何游牧统治者而言都十分理想。其他原因则是精神和传统方面的。
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15 关于阿乌拉嘎遗址，参看 Noriyuki Shiraishi，‘The “Great Orda”of Genghis Khan’，in Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan，ed. Linda Komaroff（Leiden，2006），pp. 83-93。
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16 William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，in The Mission to Asia，trans. a nun from Stanbrook Abbey，ed. Christopher Dawson（Toronto，1980），p. 175；William of Rubruck，The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Mongke, 1253-1255，trans. Peter Jackson（London，1990），p. 209.
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17 William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，p. 144；William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，p. 162.
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18 同上。
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19 关于纳失失的重要性以及蒙古的生产中心，参看 Thomas T. Allsen，Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles（New York，1997）。
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20 William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，p. 152；William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，pp. 175-176.
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21 William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，p. 183；William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，p. 221.
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22 Timothy May，‘Mongol Resistance to Christian Conversion’，in Christianity and Mongolia: Past and Present – Proceedings of the Antoon Mostaert Symposium on Christianity and Mongolia，ed. Gaby Bamana，13-16 August 2006（Ulaanbaatar，2006）；Timothy May，‘Монголы и мировые религии в xii веке’（‘The Mongols and World Religions in the Thirteenth Century’），in Монголъская Империя и Кочевой Мир（Mongolian Imperial and Nomadic Worlds）ed. N. N. Kradin and T. D. Skrynnikova（Ulan Ude，2004），pp. 424-443；Timothy May，‘Attitudes Towards Conversion Among the Elite in the Mongol Empire’，E-ASPAC: The Electronic Journal of Asian Studies on the Pacific Coast（2002-2003），见 http://mcel.pacificu.edu/easpac/2003/may.php3，2011 年 8 月 25 日访问。
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