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23 Juzjani,Tabaqat-i Nasiri,trans. Raverty,p. 711.
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24 Peter Golden,‘War and Warfare in the Pre-Cinggisid Western Steppes of Eurasia’,in Warfare in Inner Asian History, 500-1800,ed. Nicola Di Cosmo(Leiden,2002),p. 106.
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25 George Perfecky,trans. and ed.,The Hypatian Codex II: The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (Munich,1973),pp. 61-62;George Vernadsky,The Mongols and Russia(New Haven,CT,1953),p. 145.
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26 Perfecky,The Hypatian Codex II,pp. 73-74;Francis Dvornik,Origins of Intelligence Services: The Ancient Near East, Persia, Greece, Rome, Byzantium, the Arab Muslim Empires, the Mongol Empire, China, Muscovy(New Brunswick,NJ,1974),pp. 302-304.
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27 对此的精彩分析,参看 Donald Ostrowski,Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589(New York,1998)。作者对于蒙古人影响的评价恰如其分,同时也打破了一些神话,即关于其他一些据称是蒙古人带给俄国人的不那么有益的“礼物”。
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28 Vernadsky,The Mongols and Russia,p. 145.
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29 A. E. Tsepkov,trans.,Ermolinskaia Letopis’,(Riazan,2000),pp. 110-111;Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes,trans.,The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1471(London,1914),p. 95.
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30 Francis Gabriel,Subotai the Valiant: Genghis Khan’s Greatest General (Westport,CT,2004),pp. 128-129.
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31 Peter A. Lorge,The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb(Cambridge,2008),pp. 24,32-33.
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32 Peter A. Lorge,The Asian Military Revolution,pp. 34-35.
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33 Jack Weatherford,Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World(New York,2004),p. 182;Iqtidar Alam Khan,Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India(New Delhi,2004).
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34 ‘Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini,The History of the World-Conqueror,trans. J. A. Boyle(Seattle,WA,1997),pp. 630-631;‘Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini,Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha,ed. Mirza Muhammad Qazvini(Leiden,1912,1916,1937),3 vols,p. 128.
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