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26 Perfecky,The Hypatian Codex II,pp. 73-74;Francis Dvornik,Origins of Intelligence Services: The Ancient Near East, Persia, Greece, Rome, Byzantium, the Arab Muslim Empires, the Mongol Empire, China, Muscovy(New Brunswick,NJ,1974),pp. 302-304.
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27 对此的精彩分析,参看 Donald Ostrowski,Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304-1589(New York,1998)。作者对于蒙古人影响的评价恰如其分,同时也打破了一些神话,即关于其他一些据称是蒙古人带给俄国人的不那么有益的“礼物”。
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28 Vernadsky,The Mongols and Russia,p. 145.
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29 A. E. Tsepkov,trans.,Ermolinskaia Letopis’,(Riazan,2000),pp. 110-111;Robert Michell and Nevill Forbes,trans.,The Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016-1471(London,1914),p. 95.
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30 Francis Gabriel,Subotai the Valiant: Genghis Khan’s Greatest General (Westport,CT,2004),pp. 128-129.
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31 Peter A. Lorge,The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb(Cambridge,2008),pp. 24,32-33.
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32 Peter A. Lorge,The Asian Military Revolution,pp. 34-35.
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33 Jack Weatherford,Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World(New York,2004),p. 182;Iqtidar Alam Khan,Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India(New Delhi,2004).
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34 ‘Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini,The History of the World-Conqueror,trans. J. A. Boyle(Seattle,WA,1997),pp. 630-631;‘Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini,Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha,ed. Mirza Muhammad Qazvini(Leiden,1912,1916,1937),3 vols,p. 128.
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35 Takezaki Suenaga(竹崎季长),‘Takezaki Suenaga’s Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan’(《蒙古袭来绘词》),见 www.bowdoin.edu/mongol-scrolls/,2010 年 11 月 22 日访问;亦可参看 James P. Delgado,Khubilai Khan’s Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada(Berkeley,CA,2008)。德尔加多总结了海洋考古发现,包括考古复原的卷轴中所描绘的炸弹。
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36 Juvaini,Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha,pp. 39-42;Juvaini,History of the World-Conqueror,pp. 574-576.
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37 2010 年 11 月 11 日与保罗·布尔的私下交流。我也要感谢 Ulrike Unschuld 博士,并感谢保罗的情报网络帮我获得了信息。
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38 Juvaini,Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha,p. 126;Juvaini,History of the World-Conqueror,p. 629. 蒙古人攻打亦思马因时,使用当地的松木在目标地点建造了攻城武器,其中包括令人惊惧的牛弓,射程达 2,500 步(超过 1 英里)。
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