打字猴:1.707381889e+09
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1707381891 31 Peter A. Lorge,The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb(Cambridge,2008),pp. 24,32-33.
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1707381895 32 Peter A. Lorge,The Asian Military Revolution,pp. 34-35.
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1707381899 33 Jack Weatherford,Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World(New York,2004),p. 182;Iqtidar Alam Khan,Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India(New Delhi,2004).
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1707381903 34 ‘Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini,The History of the World-Conqueror,trans. J. A. Boyle(Seattle,WA,1997),pp. 630-631;‘Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini,Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha,ed. Mirza Muhammad Qazvini(Leiden,1912,1916,1937),3 vols,p. 128.
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1707381907 35 Takezaki Suenaga(竹崎季长),‘Takezaki Suenaga’s Scrolls of the Mongol Invasions of Japan’(《蒙古袭来绘词》),见 www.bowdoin.edu/mongol-scrolls/,2010 年 11 月 22 日访问;亦可参看 James P. Delgado,Khubilai Khan’s Lost Fleet: In Search of a Legendary Armada(Berkeley,CA,2008)。德尔加多总结了海洋考古发现,包括考古复原的卷轴中所描绘的炸弹。
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1707381911 36 Juvaini,Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha,pp. 39-42;Juvaini,History of the World-Conqueror,pp. 574-576.
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1707381915 37 2010 年 11 月 11 日与保罗·布尔的私下交流。我也要感谢 Ulrike Unschuld 博士,并感谢保罗的情报网络帮我获得了信息。
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1707381919 38 Juvaini,Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha,p. 126;Juvaini,History of the World-Conqueror,p. 629. 蒙古人攻打亦思马因时,使用当地的松木在目标地点建造了攻城武器,其中包括令人惊惧的牛弓,射程达 2,500 步(超过 1 英里)。
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1707381923 39 Lorge,The Asian Military Revolution,p. 69.
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1707381927 40 Michael W. Charney,Southeast Asian Warfare, 1300-1900(Leiden,2004),pp. 43-44.
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1707381931 41 Kenneth Chase,Firearms: A Global History to 1700(Cambridge,2003).
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1707381935 42 B. H. Liddell Hart,Deterrence or Defense: A Fresh Look at the West’s Military Position(New York,1960),p. 190.
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