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18 Paul D. Buell，‘Tribe，Qan，and Ulus In Early Mongol China，Some Prolegomena to Yüan History’，华盛顿大学博士学位论文（1977），p. 33。
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19 同上，p. 87。
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20 Iohannes de Plano Carpini，‘Ystoria Mongalorum’，in Sinica Franciscana: Itinera et Relationes Fratrum Minorum Saeculi XIII et XIV（Florence，1929），vol. I，p. 86；John of Plano Carpini，‘History of the Mongols’，in The Mission to Asia，trans. a nun from Stanbrook Abbey，ed. Christopher Dawson（Toronto，1980），p. 40.
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21 Charles J. Halperin，Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impact on Medieval Russian History（Bloomington，IN，1985），pp. 33-35.
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22 Buell，‘Tribe，Qan，and Ulus’，pp. 32-33.
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23 Thomas T. Allsen，‘Mongol Census Taking in Rus’，1245-1275’，Harvard Ukrainian Studies，V/1（1981），pp. 47-48.
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24 Halperin，Russia and the Golden Horde，p. 39；Donald Ostrowski，‘The tamma as the dual administrative structure of the Mongol Empire’，The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies，LXI（1988），pp. 262，275-276.
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25 Istvan Vasary，‘The Golden Horde Term Daruga and Its Survival in Russia’，Acta Orientale Hungarica，XXX（1976），p. 188；I. N. Berezin，Tarchannye jarlyki Tochtamyka, Timur Kuluka i Saadet-Gireja（Kazan，1851），p. 45；Vasary，‘The Origin of the Institution of Basqaqs’，Acta Orientale Hungarica，XXXII（1978），p. 201；Claude Cahen，Pre-Ottoman Turkey，trans. J. Jones-Williams（New York，1968），p. 41.
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26 Thomas T. Allsen，‘Ever Closer Encounters：The Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire’，Journal of Early Modern History，I（1997），pp. 7-8.
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27 Allsen，Mongol Imperialism，pp. 80-82，85. 亦可参看 Juvaini，Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha，vol. III，pp. 75-78；Juvaini，History of the World-Conqueror，pp. 598-599。
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28 Allsen，Mongol Imperialism，p. 85.
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29 Paul D. Buell，‘Cinqai（c. 1169-1252）’，in In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yuan Period, 1200-1300，ed. Igor de Rachewiltz et al.（Wiesbaden，1993），p. 107.
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