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24 Halperin，Russia and the Golden Horde，p. 39；Donald Ostrowski，‘The tamma as the dual administrative structure of the Mongol Empire’，The Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies，LXI（1988），pp. 262，275-276.
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25 Istvan Vasary，‘The Golden Horde Term Daruga and Its Survival in Russia’，Acta Orientale Hungarica，XXX（1976），p. 188；I. N. Berezin，Tarchannye jarlyki Tochtamyka, Timur Kuluka i Saadet-Gireja（Kazan，1851），p. 45；Vasary，‘The Origin of the Institution of Basqaqs’，Acta Orientale Hungarica，XXXII（1978），p. 201；Claude Cahen，Pre-Ottoman Turkey，trans. J. Jones-Williams（New York，1968），p. 41.
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26 Thomas T. Allsen，‘Ever Closer Encounters：The Appropriation of Culture and the Apportionment of Peoples in the Mongol Empire’，Journal of Early Modern History，I（1997），pp. 7-8.
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27 Allsen，Mongol Imperialism，pp. 80-82，85. 亦可参看 Juvaini，Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha，vol. III，pp. 75-78；Juvaini，History of the World-Conqueror，pp. 598-599。
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28 Allsen，Mongol Imperialism，p. 85.
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29 Paul D. Buell，‘Cinqai（c. 1169-1252）’，in In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yuan Period, 1200-1300，ed. Igor de Rachewiltz et al.（Wiesbaden，1993），p. 107.
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30 Allsen，Mongol Imperialism，p. 104.
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31 赋税问题在其他地方已有详细讨论。在本书的概括之外，读者可以参看以下研究：Allsen，Mongol Imperialism；Ann K. S. Lambton，Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia: Aspects of Administrative, Economic and Social History, 11th-14th Century（Albany，1988）；I. P. Petrushevsky，‘Socio-Economic Conditions of Iran Under the Ilkhans’，in Cambridge History of Iran，ed. J. A. Boyle（Cambridge，1968）；H. F. Schurmann，‘Mongolian Tributary Practices of the Thirteenth Century’，Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies，XIX（1956），pp. 304-389；H. F. Schurmann，Economic Structure of the Yuan Dynasty（Cambridge，1956）；John Masson Smith Jr，‘Mongol and Nomadic Taxation’，Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies，XXX（1970），pp. 46-85；John Masson Smith Jr，‘Mongol Manpower and Persian Population’，Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient，XVIII/ 3（1975），pp. 271-299.
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32 Schurmann，‘Mongolian Tributary Practices’，pp. 311，316. 这构成了后来的差发（alba）的基础，对上级负有劳役义务的人被称为“当差发者”（albatu）。
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33 Ibn Al-Athir，al-Kamil fi al-Ta’rikh，（Beirut，1979），vol. XII，pp. 380-383，502；亦可参看 Smith Jr，‘Mongol and Nomadic Taxation’，pp. 46-85。伊本·阿西尔提供了蒙古征服花剌子模时期军队统帅向臣属于他们的城市征用衣服、食物、坐骑和钱财的大量例子。
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34 Allsen，Mongol Imperialism，pp. 147-148；Morgan，The Mongols，p. 101；Bayarsaikhan Dashdondog，The Mongols and the Armenians, 1220-1335（Leiden，2011），pp. 111-113.
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