打字猴:1.707382752e+09
1707382752
1707382753
1707382754
1707382755 6 同上,p. 65。其他的方式也有可能,但是在草原上,这两种细菌与人类接触的可能性是最大的。
1707382756
1707382757
1707382758
1707382759 7 同上,p. 53。
1707382760
1707382761
1707382762
1707382763 8 John of Plano Carpini,‘History of the Mongols’,in William of Rubruck,The Mission to Asia,trans. a nun from Stanbrook Abbey,ed. Christopher Dawson(Toronto,1980),pp. 16-17.
1707382764
1707382765
1707382766
1707382767 9 Scott and Duncan,Biology of Plagues,p. 59. 跳蚤生存的理想温度是 50~80 华氏度(10~26.7 摄氏度)。
1707382768
1707382769
1707382770
1707382771 10 Michael W. Dols,The Black Death in the Middle East (Princeton,NJ,1997),p.16.
1707382772
1707382773
1707382774
1707382775 11 Gabriele de Mussis,‘Historia de Morbo’,in The Black Death,trans. and ed. Rosemary Horrox(Manchester,1994),p. 17.
1707382776
1707382777
1707382778
1707382779 12 同上。德·米西写道:“因病致死之人每天达成千上万,宛如天空降下箭雨,打击并压制鞑靼人的气焰。”
1707382780
1707382781
1707382782
1707382783 13 de Mussis,‘Historia de Morbo’,p. 17;Peter Jackson,The Mongols and the West(Harlow,2005),p. 305,暗示蒙古人抛掷的只是头颅而不是全尸。
1707382784
1707382785
1707382786
1707382787 14 de Mussis,‘Historia de Morbo’,p. 17.
1707382788
1707382789
1707382790
1707382791 15 Louis Sanctus,‘Letter April 27,1348’,in The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350,ed. John Aberth(Boston,MA,2005),p. 22.
1707382792
1707382793
1707382794
1707382795 16 Nicephorus Gregoras,‘Historias Byzantina’,in The Black Death: The Great Mortality of 1348-1350,ed. John Aberth(Boston,MA,2005),p. 15.
1707382796
1707382797
1707382798
1707382799 17 参看 David Herlihy,The Black Death and the Transformation of the West (Cambridge,MA,1997);Norman Cantor,In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World it Made(New York,2002)。这是最著名的相关著作,但就像黑死病一样,还有其他的作品也在传播。
1707382800
1707382801
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.707382752e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]