打字猴:1.707382982e+09
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1707382983 在伊利汗国的蒙古人也逐渐被同化,不过有些蒙古人呈现出更加伊朗化的认同。那些基本保持游牧生活方式的人也突厥化了。与其他族群一样,他们仍然保持着一副蒙古人的外表,巴格达附近的札剌亦儿政权便是如此。札剌亦儿人原本是一个蒙古部族,木华黎便出自此部。58在伊利汗国的统治之下,他们呈现出波斯-突厥宫廷文化和生活方式的特征。其他的突厥族群也出现了,例如土库曼部落联盟国家白羊王朝和黑羊王朝。蒙古人的出现也导致大量突厥部落逃入安纳托利亚。13 世纪 40 年代以前,塞尔柱鲁木苏丹国便受益于此。包括苏非和诗人鲁米(Rumi)一家在内的其他难民,使德里苏丹国和马穆鲁克苏丹国同样受益。塞尔柱人将很多不服管束的游牧民族迁至西部边境,这样他们就可以掳掠拜占庭人并找到牧地。在这些游牧民族中演生出了一个突厥族群,以其首领的名字被命名为“奥斯曼”。
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1707382985 1 Minhaj Siraj Juzjani,Tabaqat-i Nasiri,trans. H. G. Raverty(New Delhi,1970),pp. 1041-1042. 成吉思汗此处提到的“摩诃末”指的是花剌子模的统治者。
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1707382989 2 ‘Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini,The History of the World-Conqueror,trans. J. A. Boyle(Seattle,WA,1997),pp. 608-609;‘Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini,Ta’rîkh-i-Jahân-Gusha,ed. Mirza Muhammad Qazvini(Leiden,1912,1916,1937),3 vols,p. 93. 关于旭烈兀西征,参看 John Masson Smith Jr,‘Hülegü Moves West:High Living and Heartbreak on the Road to Baghdad’,in Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan,ed. Linda Komaroff(Leiden,2006),pp. 111-134。
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1707382993 3 关于部族动态和认同,参看 Rudi Paul Lindner,‘What Was a Nomadic Tribe?’,Comparative Studies in Society and History,XXIV/4(1982),pp. 689-711。
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1707382997 4 Gareth Jenkins,‘A Note on Climatic Cycles and the Rise of Chingis Khan’,Central Asiatic Journal,XVIII(1974),pp. 217-226.
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1707383001 5 Igor de Rachewiltz,trans. and ed.,The Secret History of the Mongols(Leiden,2004),p. 134.
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1707383005 6 John Masson Smith Jr,‘Mongol Society and Military in the Middle East:Antecedents and Adaptations’,in War and Society in the Eastern Mediterranean,7th and 15th Centuries,ed. Yaacov Lev(Leiden,1996),p. 249;Valery Alexeev,‘Some Aspects of the Study of Productive Forces in the Empire of Chenghiz Khan’,in The Rulers From the Steppe: State Formation on the Eurasian Periphery,ed. Gary Seaman and Daniel Marks(Los Angeles,CA,1991),pp. 189-190. 最广为接受的数字是蒙科耶夫(Ts. Munkeyev)提出的 70 万。克恰诺夫(E. I. Kychanov)估计的数字稍高,为 100 万,阿列克谢耶夫(V. Alexeev)的估计数字则稍低,为 50 万,而 J. M. Smith Jr 估计为 85 万。蒙古国学者策·达莱(Ch. Dalai)提出异议,估计应为 200 万~250 万。
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1707383009 7 Ch’i-ch’ing Hsiao(萧启庆),trans. 《元史》卷 98、卷 99,in The Military Establishment of the Yuan Dynasty(Cambridge,1978),pp. 72-91;92-124。
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1707383013 8 H. D. Martin,The Rise of Chinggis Khan and his Conquest of North China(Baltimore,MD,1950),p. 15.
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1707383017 9 Timothy May,The Mongol Art of War(Barnsley,2007),pp. 30-31.
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1707383021 10 Udo B. Barkmann,‘Some Comments on the Consequences of the Decline of the Mongol Empire on Social Development of the Mongols’,in The Mongol Empire and its Legacy,ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David O. Morgan(Leiden,2001),p. 277.
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1707383025 11 William of Rubruck,The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Mongke,1253-1255,trans. Peter Jackson(London,1990),pp. 183-186;William of Rubruck,‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’in The Mission to Asia,trans. a nun from Stanbrook Abbey,ed. Christopher Dawson(Toronto,1980),pp. 157,177-178.
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1707383029 12 Thomas T. Allsen,Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles(Cambridge,2002),p. 35.
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