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26 John of Plano Carpini，‘History of the Mongols’，in The Mission to Asia，trans. a nun from Stanbrook Abbey，ed. Christopher Dawson，（Toronto，1980），pp. 57；William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，pp. 76-78；William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，pp. 96-97.
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27 Allsen，‘Command Performances’，p. 43.
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28 同上，pp. 44，45。
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29 Tatiana Zerjal，Yali Xue，et al.，‘The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols’，American Journal of Human Genetics，LXXII（2003），pp. 717-721.
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30 William of Rubruck，Mission of Friar William of Rubruck，p. 182；William of Rubruck，‘The Journey of William of Rubruck’，p. 157；Simon de Saint-Quentin，Histoire des Tartares，ed. Jean Richard（Paris，1965），pp. 48，75；Gregory G. Guzman，‘European Captives and Craftsmen among the Mongols，1231-1255’，The Historian，LXXII/l（2010），p. 136.
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31 Matthew Paris，English History，trans. and ed. J. A. Giles（New York，1968），vol. II，p. 31.
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32 Marco Polo，The Travels of Marco Polo，ed. Manuel Komroff（New York，1953），pp. 107-109；Marco Polo，The Travels of Marco Polo，trans. Ronald Lathem（New York，1958），pp. 122-123.
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33 David M. Robinson，Empire’s Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols（Philadelphia，PA，2009），p. 142.
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34 Ibn Battuta，Rihala Ibn Battuta（Beirut，1997），p. 277.
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35 Richard Paul Currie，‘An Annotated Translation of the Biography of Toghto Temur from the Yuan Shih’，印第安纳大学伯明顿分校硕士学位论文（1984）。
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36 Reuven Amitai-Preiss，Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War，1260-1281（Cambridge，1995），p. 195.
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37 Morris Rossabi，Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the First Journey from China to the West（Berkeley，CA，2010）.
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