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43 Henry G. Schwarz，‘Some Notes on the Mongols of Yunnan’，Central Asiatic Journal，XXVIII（1994），p. 103.
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44 关于钦察人在巴尔干半岛的活动和影响，参看 Istvan Vasary，Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185-1365（Cambridge，2005）。
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45 Aziz Ahmad，‘Mongol Pressure in an Alien Land’，Central Asiatic Journal，VI（1961），pp. 183-184；Peter Jackson，The Delhi Sultanate，A Political and Military History（Cambridge，1999），p. 49；Andre Wink，Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World，Vol. 2：The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest，11th-13th Centuries（Leiden，1997），pp. 202-211.
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46 Ahmad，‘Mongol Pressure in an Alien Land’，p. 182.
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47 Jackson，Delhi Sultanate，p. 26.
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48 Simon Digby，War-horse and Elephant in the Delhi Sultanate: A Study of Military Supplies（Oxford，1971），pp. 34-35.
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49 Wink，Al-Hind，pp. 204-206.
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50 Iris Origo，‘The Domestic Enemy：The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries’，Speculum，XXX/3（1955），p. 324.
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51 Iris Origo，‘The Domestic Enemy：The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries’，pp. 336-337.
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52 Michael Khodarkovsky，Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire，1500-1800（Bloomington，IN，2002），p. 19.
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53 Wink，Al-Hind，p. 199.
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54 Carter Vaughn Findley，The Turks in World History（Oxford，2005），p. 87.
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55 Paul D. Buell，‘Mongol Empire and Turkicization：The Evidence of Food and Foodways’，in The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy，ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David O. Morgan（Leiden，2001），p. 201；Hodong Kim，‘The Early History of the Moghul Nomads：The Legacy of the Chaghatai Khanate’，in The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy，pp. 292-293.
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