1707383470
1707383471
36 F. W. Mote,Imperial China 900-1800(Cambridge,MA,1999),pp. 508-509.
1707383472
1707383473
1707383474
1707383475
37 F. W. Mote,Imperial China 900-1800,pp. 511-512.
1707383476
1707383477
1707383478
1707383479
38 Buell and Anderson,A Soup for the Qan,pp. 65-67.
1707383480
1707383481
1707383482
1707383483
39 正如与马可·波罗有关的一切事物一样,意大利面何时在意大利出现至今仍有疑问。当然,意大利人必须等到哥伦布发现美洲以后才有了土豆,直到 19 世纪土豆泥才投入使用。
1707383484
1707383485
1707383486
1707383487
40 Buell and Anderson,A Soup for the Qan,pp. 275,278-279,281-282,284-286,288-289,302,517-518.
1707383488
1707383489
1707383490
1707383491
41 Paul D. Buell,‘Mongol Empire and Turkicization:The Evidence of Food and Foodways’,in The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy,ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss and David O. Morgan(Leiden,2001),pp. 204-205.
1707383492
1707383493
1707383494
1707383495
42 Buell,‘Mongol Empire and Turkicization’,pp. 216-217,n. 69. (宋元时期的馒头确实是有馅的,因此突厥语中的“manty”与汉语中“馒头”之间的关联应该不是巧合。可参看蔡美彪:《辽金元史十五讲》,第十五讲“馒头、包子的由来与同异”,北京:中华书局,2011 年。—译者)
1707383496
1707383497
1707383498
1707383499
43 William of Rubruck,The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Mongke, 1253-1255,trans. Peter Jackson(London,1990),p. 82.
1707383500
1707383501
1707383502
1707383503
44 Thomas T. Allsen,‘Ögedei and Alcohol’,Mongolian Studies,XXIX(2007),pp. 3-12.
1707383504
1707383505
1707383506
1707383507
45 Timothy Brook,The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties(Cambridge,MA,2010),p. 206.
1707383508
1707383509
1707383510
1707383511
46 Carswell,‘More about the Mongols:Chinese Porcelain from Asia to Europe’,Asian Affairs,XXXVI/II(2005),p. 158.
1707383512
1707383513
1707383514
1707383515
47 Brook,The Troubled Empire,p. 206.
1707383516
1707383517
1707383518
1707383519
48 关于各种制造方法,可参看 Oliver Watson,‘Pottery under the Mongols’,in Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan,ed. Linda Komaroff(Leiden,2006),pp. 325-345。
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70738347e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]