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[4]Karl Marx,‘The British Rule in India’ (1853),重印于E.Kamenka (ed.),The Portable Karl Marx (Harmondsworth,1983),pp.334–335。
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[5]列宁的Imperialism:The Highest Stage of Capitalism出版于1916年的Zurich。
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[6]关于这种思想流派的杰出概述,参见I.Wallerstein,Historical Capitalism (London,1983)。
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[7]M.Weber,The Sociology of Religion (1922;英文版,London,1965),p.270。韦伯也强调了种姓制度的影响和佛教知识界对革新的敌意。参见H.H.Girth and C.Wright Mills (eds.),From Max Weber:Essays in Sociology (pbk edn,London,1974),第16、17章。
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[8]对“亚”历史的杰出研究,参见V.Chaturvedi (ed.),Mapping Subaltern Studies and the Postcolonial (London,2000),导言。
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[9]J.C.van Leur,Indonesian Trade and Society:Essays in Asian Social and Economic History (The Hague,1955),p.261。
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[10]对范里乐的评论,参见J.Vogel,‘A Short Life in History’,in L.Blusse and F.Haastra (eds.),The Eighteenth Century as a Category in Asian History:van Leur in Retrospect (Aldershot,1998)。
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[11]S.Subrahmanyam,‘Connected Histories:Notes towards a Reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia’,Modern Asian Studies 31,3 (1997),pp.734–762。
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[12]关于“季风”和“干燥”亚洲的讨论,参见J.Gommans,‘Burma at the Frontier of South,East and Southeast Asia:A Geographic Perspective’,以及J.Gommans and J.Lerder (eds.),The Maritime Frontier of Burma:Exploring Political,Cultural and Commercial Interaction in the Indian Ocean World (Leiden,2002),pp.1–7。
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[13]这种观点的强有力的评述参见Kenneth Pomeranz,The Great Divergence:China,Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton,2000),“惊人相似的”术语就是由此而来。(p.29)
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[14]E.Said,Orientalism (London,1978)。
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[15]S.L.Eisenstadt,‘Multiple Modernites’,Daedalus 129,1 (2000),pp.1–29。
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[16]有些作者宣称,种姓只是英国人强加的;一种更稳妥的观点把主要作用归因于印度本地人。至于极端的观点,参见N.Dirks,Caste of Mind (Princeton,2001)。
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[17]T.Spearm,‘Neo-Tradtionalism and the Limits of Invention in British Colonial Africa’,Journal of African History 44 (2003),pp.2–27。
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[18]参见下文第5章,并参见J.Belich,The New Zealand Wars (Auckland,1986)。
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[19]最初在他为皇家地理学会写作的文章里,题为‘The Geographical Pivot of History’,Geographical Journal 23,4 (1904),pp.421–437。
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[20]最好的讲论仍然是D.Hay,Europe:The Emergence of an Idea (Edinburgh,1957)。
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[21]在欧洲“文化梯度”中的俄罗斯的位置,参见Catherine Evtubov and S.Kotkin (eds.),The Cultural Gradient:The Transmission of Ideas in Europe 1788–1991 (Oxford,2003)。
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[22]对辩论的最新述评,参见P.K.O’Brien,‘Metanarratives in Global Histories of Material Progress’,International History Review 22,2 (2001),pp.345–367。
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[23]参见《国富论》第一篇,第2章。
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[24]A.de Tocqueville,Democracy in America (1835;Everyman edn,London,1994),vol.1,p.332.
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[25]参见Eisenstadt,‘ Multiple Modernities’。
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[26]D.Obolensky,The Byzantine Commonwealth (London,1971)和M.Whittow,The Making of Orthodox Byzantium 600–1025 (London,1996)提供了最好的一般评论。
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[27]经典的评论G.Duby,The Early Growth of the European Economy (1973;英文版翻译 Ithaca,NY,1974)。现在应该与下面书籍相对照:C.Wickham,Framing the Early Middle Ages (Oxford,2005)。
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[28]参见M.Lombard,‘La Chasse et les produits de chasse dans le monde musulman VIIle–XIe siecles’,in M.Lombard,Espaces et reseaux du hai Moyen Age (Paris,1972),pp.176–204。
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