打字猴:1.707501617e+09
1707501617
1707501618 [29]参见A.Lewis,The Sea and Mediaeval Civilisation (London,1978),第14章;K.Leyser,‘ Theophanus divine gratia imperatrix Augusta’,见Timothy Reuter(ed.),Communications and Power in Medieval Europe:The Carolingian and Ottoman Centuries (London,1994)。
1707501619
1707501620 [30]对公元10世纪80年代基辅向基督教皈依,参见S.Franklin and J.Shepard,The Emergence of Rus 750–1200 (London,1996),第4章。
1707501621
1707501622 [31]R.Bartlett,The Making of Europe:Conquest,Colonisation and Cultural Changes (London,1980),有着精辟的讨论。
1707501623
1707501624 [32]参见R.Fletcher,The Conversion of Europe (London,1997);E.Christiansen,The Northern Crusades (London,1980)。
1707501625
1707501626 [33]Duby,Early Growth,pp.257–262.
1707501627
1707501628 [34]参见E.Ashtor,Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Princeton,1983),pp.462,469,512。
1707501629
1707501630 [35]R.Fletcher,Moorish Spain (London,1992),第7章。
1707501631
1707501632 [36]A.Wink,Al-Hind:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World,vol.1:Early Mediaeval India and the Expansion of Islam,7th–11th Centuries (Leiden,1996),p.23.
1707501633
1707501634 [37]参见A.M.Watson,Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World:The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques 700–1100 (Cambridge,1975)。
1707501635
1707501636 [38]参见P.Ratchnebsky,Genghis Khan:His Life and Legacy (1983;英译本,Oxford,1991)。
1707501637
1707501638 [39]Ibn Khaldun,The Muqadimmah:An Introduction to History,F.Rosenthal英译本(London,1967)。Muqadimmah在19世纪60年代被译成法语。英文的全译本出现在1958年,本卷是一个节本。
1707501639
1707501640 [40]经典分析见P.Crone,Slaves on Horses:The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (Cambridge,1980)。
1707501641
1707501642 [41]参见D.Pipes,Slaves Soldiers and Islam (New Haven and London,1981)。
1707501643
1707501644 [42]M.G.S.Hodgson,The Venture of Islam (3 vols.,Chicago,1974)是一份精彩分析概述。
1707501645
1707501646 [43]伊斯兰教苏非派教职称谓。波斯语音译,意为“导师”“领导者”。波斯和印度的苏非派对其导师的尊称。
1707501647
1707501648 [44]R.R.Di Miglio,‘Egypt and China:Trade and Imitation’,in D.S.Richards (eds.),Islam and the Trade of Asia (Oxford,1970),pp.106–122.
1707501649
1707501650 [45]I.M.Lapidus,Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages (Cambridge,1967),p.9.
1707501651
1707501652 [46]参见J.Abu-Lughod,Before European Hegemony:The World System 1250–1350 (New York,1989),pp.230ff.;C.Cahen,‘Quelques mots sur le decline commercial du monde musulman a la fin du moyen age’,in C.Cahen,Les Peoples musulmans dans l’histoire medievale (Damascus,1977),pp.361–365。
1707501653
1707501654 [47]M.Elvin,The Pattern of the Chinese Past (London,1973),p.205。
1707501655
1707501656 [48]C.P.Fitzerald,The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People (London,1972),第7章。
1707501657
1707501658 [49] 关于这建设性的概述,参见A.Waldron,The Great Wall:From History to Myth (Cambridge,1990),pp.190–192。
1707501659
1707501660 [50]关于埃尔文论文的近来的权威性评论,参见R.von Glahn,‘Imagining Pre-Modern China’,in P.J.Smith and R.von Gladhn (eds.),The Song-Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History (Cambridge,Mass.,2003),pp.35–70。
1707501661
1707501662 [51]埃尔文的主要思想可以在下列书中追溯到,他的The Pattern of the Chinese Past (London,1973)的第14、17章;以及在‘The High Level Equilibrium Trap’,in Another History:Essays on China from a European Perspective (Sydney,1996)的第2章。
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1707501666
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