打字猴:1.707501917e+09
1707501917
1707501918 [42]在Nikolai Gogol的故事中了解大草原抒情诗般的描述,‘Taras Bulba’ (1835),in N.Gogol,Village Evenings near Dikanka and Mirgorod (英译本,Oxford,1994),p.257。
1707501919
1707501920 [43]对俄国向南方大草原军事推进困难的解释,参见W.C.Fuller,Strategy and Power in Russia,1600–1914 (New York,1992)。
1707501921
1707501922 [44]对俄国大草原扩张的一般评述,参见E.Keenan,‘Muscovy and Kazan:Some Introduction Remarks on the Pattern of Steppe Diplomacy’,Slavic Review 26,4 (1967),p.553,以及A.S.Donnelly,The Russian Conquest of Bashkiria 1552–1740 (New Haven and London,1968)。
1707501923
1707501924 [45]关于有益的参照,F.Barth,Nomands of South Persia (Oslo,1964),pp.106–111。
1707501925
1707501926 [46]Keenan,‘Muscovy and Kazan’,p.555.
1707501927
1707501928 [47]参见谨慎的结论,P.Bushkovitch,The Merchants of Muscovy 1580–1650 (Cambridge,1980),pp.93–101。
1707501929
1707501930 [48]M.Khodarkovsky,Where Two Worlds Meet (Ithaca,NY,1992),第3章。
1707501931
1707501932 [49]参见W.D.Allen (ed.),Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings (1589–1605),Hakluyt Society,2nd Series,138 (2 vols.,Cambridge,1970),vol.1,pp.69–71。
1707501933
1707501934 [50]沙皇通过册封土地或庄园换取贵族的服务。
1707501935
1707501936 [51]对此的解释,参见R.Hellie,Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy (Chicago and London,1971) and J.H.L.Keep,Soldiers of the Tsar (Oxford,1985),pp.47–48。
1707501937
1707501938 [52]Hellie,Enserfiment,p.164.
1707501939
1707501940 [53]Billington,Icon,pp.102–104.
1707501941
1707501942 [54]E.S.Forster (ed.),The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (Oxford,1927),pp.111–112.
1707501943
1707501944 [55]关于这场冲突的背景,参见Shai Har-El,The Struggle for Domination in the Middle East:The Ottoman-Mamluk War 1485–1491 (Leiden,1995)。
1707501945
1707501946 [56]Foster,Turkish Letters,p.112.
1707501947
1707501948 [57]到1528年,奥斯曼帝国拥有一支约87,000人的常备军。参见H.Inalcik,‘The Ottoman State:Economy and Society 1300–1600’,in H.Inalcik with D.Quataert (eds.),An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914 (Cambridge,1994),p.88。
1707501949
1707501950 [58]关于奥斯曼帝国的海上权力,参见P.Brummett,Ottoman Sea Power and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery (Albany,NY,1994)。
1707501951
1707501952 [59]Ibid.,p.174;A.Hess,‘The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of Oceanic Discoveries,1453–1525’,American Historical Review 75,7(1970),pp.201–222.
1707501953
1707501954 [60]P.F.Sugar,Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule 1354–1804 (London,1977),p.109.
1707501955
1707501956 [61] P.Mantran,La Vie quotidienne à Constantinople au temps de Soleiman le Magnifique et ses seccesseurs (Paris,1965),p.295.
1707501957
1707501958 [62]C.Kafadar,Between Two Worlds:The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley,Los Angeles and London,1995),p.153.
1707501959
1707501960 [63]Forster,Turkish Letters,pp.111–112.
1707501961
1707501962 [64]对奥斯曼帝国经济的相对成功一直有许多争论。悲观派观点有D.Goffman,Izmir and the Levantine World,1550–1650 (Seattle,1990) and B.Masters,The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East:Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo (New York,1988),并与下列这些相比照:S.Faroqui,‘In Search of Ottoman History’,in H.Berktay and S.Faroqui (eds.),New Approaches to State and Peasant in Ottoman History (London,1992),以及在S.Faroqui,‘Crisis and Change,1590–1699’,in Inalcik with Quataert (eds.),Ottoman Empire,pp.474–531中的讨论。
1707501963
1707501964 [65]在包税与商业化之间的关联,请参见H.Islamoglu-Inan,State and Peasant in the Ottoman Empire (Leiden,1994)。
1707501965
1707501966 [66]Rifa’at Ali Abou El-Haj,The Formation of the Modern State:The Ottoman Empire,Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries (Albany,NY,1991),p.10.
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.707501917e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]