1707501967
1707501968
[67]这些冲突在W.D.Allen,Problems of Turkish Power in the Sixteenth Century (London,1963)中得到精辟的概述。
1707501969
1707501970
[68]关于一般环境情况,参见W.Barthold,An Historical Geography of Iran (Princeton,1984)。
1707501971
1707501972
[69]因每个士兵头戴深红色帽,上有12个黑色流苏或折角,以纪念什叶派的十二位伊玛目——译者注。萨非体制的重要特征是部落联盟的团结,它们把共同的忠诚奉献给伊斯兰什叶派宗教领袖,什叶派在伊朗高原占有支配地位。P.Jackson and W.Lockhart (eds.),The Cambridge History of Iran,vol.6:The Timurid and Safavid Periods (Cambridge,1986),pp.227–228.
1707501973
1707501974
[70]关于伊朗的什叶派穆斯林,H.Jalm.Shiism (Edinburgh,1991),pp.91ff。
1707501975
1707501976
[71]参见J.J.Reid,‘Tribalism and Society in Islamic Iran,1500–1629’,博士论文,加利福尼亚大学(洛杉矶分校),1978年。
1707501977
1707501978
[72]Jackson ad Lockhart,Cambridge History of Iran,pp.246,263。也请参考同一卷R.M.Savory撰写的关于萨非行政管理的章节。
1707501979
1707501980
[73]D.Navridi,‘Socio-Economic and Political Change in Safavid Iran in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’,博士论文,范德比尔特大学,1977年,pp.71ff。
1707501981
1707501982
[74]J.B.Tacernier,Voyage en Perse (Paris,1970),pp.251–252。Tavernier在1639年进行他的第一次访问,他的旅行记于1670年首次出版。
1707501983
1707501984
[75]Navridi,‘Safavid Iran’,p.168.
1707501985
1707501986
[76]J.Fryer,A New Account of East India and Persia,Being Nine Years’ Travels,1672–1681,ed.W.Crooke (3 vols.,London,1909–1915),vol.2,pp.246–250.
1707501987
1707501988
[77]在19世纪,伊朗人中约有1/3到一半是游牧人口和部落人口。A.Wink,AL-Hind:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World.vol.2:Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest,11th–13th Centuries (Leiden,1997),p.15。
1707501989
1707501990
[78]Halm,Shiism,pp.94–98.
1707501991
1707501992
[79]对巴布尔的起源和早年生涯,参见S.A.M.Adshead,Central Asia in World History (London,1993),pp.131ff。
1707501993
1707501994
[80]J.F.Richards,The Mughal Empire (Cambridge,1993),p.6.
1707501995
1707501996
[81]S.F.Dale,Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade 1600–1750 (Cambridge,1994),pp.6–7.
1707501997
1707501998
[82]Baburnama(纪念巴布尔),英译本,A.S.Beveridge (Delhi,1921,1989),pp.531–532。
1707501999
1707502000
[83]Richards,Mughal Empire,p.2.
1707502001
1707502002
[84]R.M.Eaton,The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier 1204–1760 (London,1993),p.36.
1707502003
1707502004
[85]关于埃米尔,参见Richards,Mughal Empire,p.19。
1707502005
1707502006
[86]T.Raychaudhuri and I.Habib (eds.),The Cambridge Economic History of India,vol.1:c.1200–1750 (Cambridge,1982),p.184;Richards,Mughal Empire,p.66.
1707502007
1707502008
[87]D.Streusand,The Formation of the Mughal Empire (Delhi,1989),p.71.
1707502009
1707502010
[88]Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.),Economic History,vol.1,p.266.。
1707502011
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[89]Ibid.,p.130.
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[90]Ibid.,p.131.
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[91]F.C.R.Robinson,‘Perso-Islamic Culture in India from the 17th to the early 20th centuries’,R.L.Canfield (ed.),Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective (Cambridge,1991),pp.110–111.
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