1707501979
1707501980
[73]D.Navridi,‘Socio-Economic and Political Change in Safavid Iran in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries’,博士论文,范德比尔特大学,1977年,pp.71ff。
1707501981
1707501982
[74]J.B.Tacernier,Voyage en Perse (Paris,1970),pp.251–252。Tavernier在1639年进行他的第一次访问,他的旅行记于1670年首次出版。
1707501983
1707501984
[75]Navridi,‘Safavid Iran’,p.168.
1707501985
1707501986
[76]J.Fryer,A New Account of East India and Persia,Being Nine Years’ Travels,1672–1681,ed.W.Crooke (3 vols.,London,1909–1915),vol.2,pp.246–250.
1707501987
1707501988
[77]在19世纪,伊朗人中约有1/3到一半是游牧人口和部落人口。A.Wink,AL-Hind:The Making of the Indo-Islamic World.vol.2:Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest,11th–13th Centuries (Leiden,1997),p.15。
1707501989
1707501990
[78]Halm,Shiism,pp.94–98.
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1707501992
[79]对巴布尔的起源和早年生涯,参见S.A.M.Adshead,Central Asia in World History (London,1993),pp.131ff。
1707501993
1707501994
[80]J.F.Richards,The Mughal Empire (Cambridge,1993),p.6.
1707501995
1707501996
[81]S.F.Dale,Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade 1600–1750 (Cambridge,1994),pp.6–7.
1707501997
1707501998
[82]Baburnama(纪念巴布尔),英译本,A.S.Beveridge (Delhi,1921,1989),pp.531–532。
1707501999
1707502000
[83]Richards,Mughal Empire,p.2.
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[84]R.M.Eaton,The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier 1204–1760 (London,1993),p.36.
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1707502004
[85]关于埃米尔,参见Richards,Mughal Empire,p.19。
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1707502006
[86]T.Raychaudhuri and I.Habib (eds.),The Cambridge Economic History of India,vol.1:c.1200–1750 (Cambridge,1982),p.184;Richards,Mughal Empire,p.66.
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1707502008
[87]D.Streusand,The Formation of the Mughal Empire (Delhi,1989),p.71.
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[88]Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.),Economic History,vol.1,p.266.。
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[89]Ibid.,p.130.
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[90]Ibid.,p.131.
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[91]F.C.R.Robinson,‘Perso-Islamic Culture in India from the 17th to the early 20th centuries’,R.L.Canfield (ed.),Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective (Cambridge,1991),pp.110–111.
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[92]Adshead,Central Asia,p.131.
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[93]参见Dale,Indian Merchants,pp.15,21;Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.),Economic History,vol.1对莫卧儿经济的概述。
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[94]Tavernier注意到的至于法国或意大利的安全,参见Raychaudhuri and Habib (eds.),Economic History,vol.1。
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[95]关于这些方面,参见Ibid.,pp.288–301。
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[96]我把这种看法归功于David Washbrook的未发表的论文。
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[97]E.L.Farmer,Early Ming Government:The Evolution of Dual Capitals (Cambridge,Mass.,1976),p.19.
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