打字猴:1.707501929e+09
1707501929
1707501930 [48]M.Khodarkovsky,Where Two Worlds Meet (Ithaca,NY,1992),第3章。
1707501931
1707501932 [49]参见W.D.Allen (ed.),Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings (1589–1605),Hakluyt Society,2nd Series,138 (2 vols.,Cambridge,1970),vol.1,pp.69–71。
1707501933
1707501934 [50]沙皇通过册封土地或庄园换取贵族的服务。
1707501935
1707501936 [51]对此的解释,参见R.Hellie,Enserfment and Military Change in Muscovy (Chicago and London,1971) and J.H.L.Keep,Soldiers of the Tsar (Oxford,1985),pp.47–48。
1707501937
1707501938 [52]Hellie,Enserfiment,p.164.
1707501939
1707501940 [53]Billington,Icon,pp.102–104.
1707501941
1707501942 [54]E.S.Forster (ed.),The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq (Oxford,1927),pp.111–112.
1707501943
1707501944 [55]关于这场冲突的背景,参见Shai Har-El,The Struggle for Domination in the Middle East:The Ottoman-Mamluk War 1485–1491 (Leiden,1995)。
1707501945
1707501946 [56]Foster,Turkish Letters,p.112.
1707501947
1707501948 [57]到1528年,奥斯曼帝国拥有一支约87,000人的常备军。参见H.Inalcik,‘The Ottoman State:Economy and Society 1300–1600’,in H.Inalcik with D.Quataert (eds.),An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914 (Cambridge,1994),p.88。
1707501949
1707501950 [58]关于奥斯曼帝国的海上权力,参见P.Brummett,Ottoman Sea Power and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery (Albany,NY,1994)。
1707501951
1707501952 [59]Ibid.,p.174;A.Hess,‘The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of Oceanic Discoveries,1453–1525’,American Historical Review 75,7(1970),pp.201–222.
1707501953
1707501954 [60]P.F.Sugar,Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule 1354–1804 (London,1977),p.109.
1707501955
1707501956 [61] P.Mantran,La Vie quotidienne à Constantinople au temps de Soleiman le Magnifique et ses seccesseurs (Paris,1965),p.295.
1707501957
1707501958 [62]C.Kafadar,Between Two Worlds:The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley,Los Angeles and London,1995),p.153.
1707501959
1707501960 [63]Forster,Turkish Letters,pp.111–112.
1707501961
1707501962 [64]对奥斯曼帝国经济的相对成功一直有许多争论。悲观派观点有D.Goffman,Izmir and the Levantine World,1550–1650 (Seattle,1990) and B.Masters,The Origins of Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East:Mercantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo (New York,1988),并与下列这些相比照:S.Faroqui,‘In Search of Ottoman History’,in H.Berktay and S.Faroqui (eds.),New Approaches to State and Peasant in Ottoman History (London,1992),以及在S.Faroqui,‘Crisis and Change,1590–1699’,in Inalcik with Quataert (eds.),Ottoman Empire,pp.474–531中的讨论。
1707501963
1707501964 [65]在包税与商业化之间的关联,请参见H.Islamoglu-Inan,State and Peasant in the Ottoman Empire (Leiden,1994)。
1707501965
1707501966 [66]Rifa’at Ali Abou El-Haj,The Formation of the Modern State:The Ottoman Empire,Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries (Albany,NY,1991),p.10.
1707501967
1707501968 [67]这些冲突在W.D.Allen,Problems of Turkish Power in the Sixteenth Century (London,1963)中得到精辟的概述。
1707501969
1707501970 [68]关于一般环境情况,参见W.Barthold,An Historical Geography of Iran (Princeton,1984)。
1707501971
1707501972 [69]因每个士兵头戴深红色帽,上有12个黑色流苏或折角,以纪念什叶派的十二位伊玛目——译者注。萨非体制的重要特征是部落联盟的团结,它们把共同的忠诚奉献给伊斯兰什叶派宗教领袖,什叶派在伊朗高原占有支配地位。P.Jackson and W.Lockhart (eds.),The Cambridge History of Iran,vol.6:The Timurid and Safavid Periods (Cambridge,1986),pp.227–228.
1707501973
1707501974 [70]关于伊朗的什叶派穆斯林,H.Jalm.Shiism (Edinburgh,1991),pp.91ff。
1707501975
1707501976 [71]参见J.J.Reid,‘Tribalism and Society in Islamic Iran,1500–1629’,博士论文,加利福尼亚大学(洛杉矶分校),1978年。
1707501977
1707501978 [72]Jackson ad Lockhart,Cambridge History of Iran,pp.246,263。也请参考同一卷R.M.Savory撰写的关于萨非行政管理的章节。
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