打字猴:1.707502817e+09
1707502817
1707502818 [20]当时的人对这次危机的生动的描述,见Ibid.,附录2、3。
1707502819
1707502820 [21]克莱武致威廉·皮特的信,1759年1月7日。见W.K.Firninger (ed.),Fifth Report…on the Affairs of the East India Company 1812 (1917;重印于New York,1969),p.clvi。
1707502821
1707502822 [22]克莱武致东印度公司的信,1787年1月16日,见Ibid.,p.clix。
1707502823
1707502824 [23]见B.Stein,‘State Formation and Economy Reconsidered’,Modern Asian Studies 19,3 (1985),pp.387–413;K.Brittlebank,‘Assertion’,in P.Marshall (ed.),The Eighteenth Century in Indian History:Evolution or Revolution (New Delhi,2003),pp.269–292。
1707502825
1707502826 [24]R.Callahan,The East India Company and Army Reform (Cambridge,Mass.,1972),p.6.
1707502827
1707502828 [25]关于这个贸易的评论,见E.H.Pritchard,The Crucial Years of Anglo-Chinese Relations 1750–1800 (Pullman,Wash.,1936);Holden Furber,Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient 1600–1800 (Minneapolis,1976;重印于New Delhi,2004)。
1707502829
1707502830 [26]A.Sorel,Europe and the French Revolution:The Political Traditions of the Old Regime (1885;Eng.trans.London,1969),p.119.
1707502831
1707502832 [27]R.J.Bonney,‘France 1494–1815’,in R.J.Bonney (ed.),The Rise of te Fiscal State in Europe c.1200–1815 (Oxford,1999),pp.148–150.
1707502833
1707502834 [28]关于最近的研究,见M.Price,The Fall of the French Monarchy (London,2002)。
1707502835
1707502836 [29]A.Sorel,L’Europe et la Revolution Francaise:La chute de la royaute (10th edn,Paris,1906),p.458.
1707502837
1707502838 [30]Bonney,‘The Struggle for Great Power Status’,p.360.
1707502839
1707502840 [31]F.de Bourrienne,Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte (1836;Eng.trans.London,1937),p.2.
1707502841
1707502842 [32]F.Charles-Roux,Bonaparte:Governor of Egypt (1936;Eng.trans.London,1937),p.2.
1707502843
1707502844 [33]参见J.B.Kelly,Britain and the Persian Gulf 1795–1880 (Oxford,1968),第2章。
1707502845
1707502846 [34]Bourrienne,Bonaparte,p.328.
1707502847
1707502848 [35]现在对协议的最好的叙述是P.W.Schroeder,The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (Oxford,1994),第12章。同时也参见E.V.Gulick,Europe’s Classical Balance of Power (London,1955),第2部分,是一个杰出的研究。
1707502849
1707502850 [36]Kenneth Pomeranz,The Great Divergence:China,Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton,2000).
1707502851
1707502852 [37]P.Bairoch,Victoires et deboires:Histoire economique et sociale du monde du xvi siecle a nos jours (3 vols.,Paris,1997),vol.2,p.852。关于英国棉纱和棉布价格的急剧下降,见C.Knick Harley,‘Cotton Textible Prices and the Industrial Revolution’,Economic History Review,New Series,51,1 (1998),pp.49–83。
1707502853
1707502854 [38]N.F.R.Crafts,British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution (Oxford,1985).
1707502855
1707502856 [39]E.L.Jones,The European Miracle:Environments,Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia (Canbridge,1981).
1707502857
1707502858 [40]这是彭慕兰《大分流》的中心观点。
1707502859
1707502860 [41]参见D.Washbrook,‘From Comparative Sociology to Global History:Britain and India in the Pre-History of Modernity’,Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 40,4 (1997)的看法。
1707502861
1707502862 [42]Pomeranz,Great Divergence,p.85.,
1707502863
1707502864 [43]Ibid.,p.138.
1707502865
1707502866 [44]关于奥斯曼帝国的经济,见B.McGowan,‘The Age of the Ayans,1699–1812’,in H.Inalcik with D.Quataert (eds.),An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914 (Cambridge,1994),pp.703,724,727。
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