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[20]大约19世纪30年代以后法国对美国日益不安的看法,见R.Remond,Les Etats-Unis devant l’opinion francaise 1815–1852 (Paris,1962),pp.675,731,740,863。
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[21]参见D.Potter,The Impending Struggle (New York,1976),p.244;D.W.Howe,The Political Culture of the American Whigs (Chicagp,1974)。1828—1836年,安德罗·杰克逊是美国总统。
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[22]A.J.H.Latham and L.Neal.‘The International Market in Rice and Wheat,1868–1914’,Economic History Review,New Series,36,2(1983),pp.260–275.
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[23] C.Jones,International Business in the Nineteenth Century (Brighton,1987);Merchants to Multinationals:British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (Oxford,2000);D.R.SarDesai,British Trade and Expansion in Southeast Asia,1830–1914 (New Delhi,1977).
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[24]A.G.Kenwood and A.L.Lougheed,The Growth of the International Economy 1820–1980 (London,1983),pp.90–91。关于大西洋经济整合——一个一直伸展到远达澳大利亚的领域,参看K.H.O’Rourke and J.G.Williamson,Globalization and History:The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge,Mass.,1999)。
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[25]Kenwood and Lougheed,International Economy,p.93.
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[26]W.Schlote,British Overseas Trade from 1700 to the 1930s (Oxford,1952),pp.156–158.
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[27]B.R.Mitchell,Arstract of British Historical Statistics (Cambridge,1962),p.317.
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[28]P.Bairoch,Victoires et deboires:Histoire economique et sociale de monde du xvi siecle a nos jours (3 vols.,Paris,1997),vol.2,p.34.
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[29]Ibid.,p.18.
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[30]B.H.Sumner,A Survey of Russian History (London,1944),p.356–357.
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[31]Bairoch,Victoires et deboires,vol.I,p.467.
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[32]S.L.Engerman and R.E.Gallman (eds.),The Cambridge Economic History of the United States,vol.2:The Long Nineteenth Century (Cambridge,2000),p.713.
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[33]Mitchell,Abstract,pp.315,318。北方=俄国、瑞典、挪威、丹麦。西方=法国、比利时、荷兰。
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[34]参见Cameron,France and the Economic Development of Europe。
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[35]Engerman and Gallman (eds.),Economic History,vol.2,p.696;L.E.Davis and R.J.Cull.International Capital Markets and American Economic Growth 1820–1914 (Cambridge,1994),p.111。1860年以后,澳大利亚的数字是接近50%,首都的一半需要从英国供应,参见N.J.Butlin,Australian Economic Development 1861–1900 (Cambridge,1964),pp.28–30。
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[36] R.G.Albion,The Rise of New York Port 1815–1860 (New York,1939);S.Becker,The Monied Metropolis:New York City and the Consolidation of the American Bourgeoisie (Cambridge,2001).
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[37]Bairoch,Victoires et deboires,vol.1,p.410.
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[38]Engerman and Gallman (eds.),Economic History,vol.2,p.50;P.Mathias,The First Industrial Nation (London,1969),p.243.
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[39]赛勒斯·麦考密克赛勒斯·麦考密克(Cyrus McCormick,1809—1884),美国工业家、发明家,1831年发明收割机,因建厂生产收割机而致富,在1902年组建世界最大的国际收割机公司。
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[40]S.Bruchey,Enterprise:The Dynamic Economy of a Free People (London,1990),p.237.
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[41]Mitchell,Abstract,p.318.
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[42]Engerman and Gallman,Economic History,vol.1,p.700.
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[43]参见S.Ambrose,Undaunted Courage (New York,1996)。
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[44]John Langdon,‘Three Voyages to the West Coast of Africa 1881–1884’,ed.M.Lynn,in B.Wood and M.Lynn (eds.),Travel,Trade and Power in the Atlantic 1765–1884 (Cambridge,2002).
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