打字猴:1.707503358e+09
1707503358
1707503359 [54]G.Brechin,Imperial San Francisco:Urban Power,Earthly Ruin (Berkeley,Los Angeles and London,1999).
1707503360
1707503361 [55]W.Issel and R.W.Cherny,San Francisco 1865–1932 (London,1986),ch.2.
1707503362
1707503363 [56]Elliott West,The Contested Plains:Indians,Goldseekers and the Rush to Colorado (Lawrence,Kan.,1998).
1707503364
1707503365 [57]关于左轮手枪让美洲白人征服平原的印第安人的意义,见Walter Prescott Webb,The Great Plains (New York,1936),pp.167–179:‘It enabled the white man to fight the Plains Indians on horseback’。
1707503366
1707503367 [58]D.Robinson,Paths of Accommodation:Muslin Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Mauretania,1880–1920 (Athens,O.,and Oxford,2000),p.59.
1707503368
1707503369 [59]越南北方的旧称,为汉语名称,意即“东方的首都”,它最初仅指河内,后来被用作整个国家的名称,1802年以前,东京一直为中国的附属国,后来沦为法国的保护国,1950年成为越南的一部分。——译者注
1707503370
1707503371 [60]《黑暗的中心》(The Heart of Darkness)于1902年出版。该资料来自Everyman版本(London,1974),p.62。
1707503372
1707503373 [61]关于Embu的研究,参见C.H.Ambler,Kenyan Communities in the Age of Imperialism (New Haven,1988)。
1707503374
1707503375 [62]Winwood Reade,The Martydom of Man (London,1872),p.242。在到20世纪20年代成为广为阅读的(以及特别原创的)书中,Reade的目标是坚持非洲并不存在于世界历史之外,而是在其中起了中心作用。
1707503376
1707503377 [63]M.Osborne,The River Road to China (London,1975),p.186.
1707503378
1707503379 [64]L.Subramanian,‘Banias and the British:The Role of Indigenous Credit in … Imperial Expansion in Western India’,Modern Asian Studies 21 (1987),pp.473–510.
1707503380
1707503381 [65]20年后,英属印度的三个“领地”孟加拉(包括印度北部大部)、孟买和马德拉斯的军队,总计超过27万人。M.K.Pasha,Recruitment and Underdevelopment in the Punjab (Karachi,1998),p.32。
1707503382
1707503383 [66]公司统治时代的最佳简短研究,见D.A.Washbrook,‘India,1818–1860:The Two Faces of Colonialism’,in A.Porter (ed.),The Oxford History of the British Empire,vol.3:The Nineteenth Century (Oxford,1999),pp.395–421。也参考他的‘Economic Depression and the Making of “Traditional” Society in Colonial India 1820–1855’,Trnsactions of the Royal Historical Society,6th Series,3 (1993),pp.237–263。
1707503384
1707503385 [67]Thornton’s Gazeteer of India 1857 (London,1857),pp.136,175.
1707503386
1707503387 [68]S.David,The Indian Mutiny (London,2002),p.397.
1707503388
1707503389 [69]Ibid.,p.346.
1707503390
1707503391 [70]关于起义及其原因,见R.C.Majumdar,The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857 (Calcutta,1968);C.A.Bayly,Empire and Information (Cambridge,1996),ch.9;E.T.Stokes,The Peasant and the Raj (Cambridge,1978);C.A.Bayly,‘Two Colonial Revolts:The Java War and the Indian “Mutiny” of 1857–1859’,in C.A.Bayly and D.A.Kolff (eds.),Two Colonial Empires (Dordrecht,1986);F.Robinson,‘The Muslims of Upper India and the Shock of the Mutiny’,in his Islam and Muslim History in South Asia (New Delhi,2000),pp.138–155。
1707503392
1707503393 [71]Stokes,Peasant,p.150,脚注。
1707503394
1707503395 [72]参见Stokes,The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford,1959)。
1707503396
1707503397 [73]“同治”是1862—1874年的中国皇帝的年号;“明治”是1868—1912年日本天皇的年号。
1707503398
1707503399 [74]经典评述仍是M.Greenberg,British Trade and the Opening of China (Cambridge,1951)。
1707503400
1707503401 [75]参见J.K.Fairbank,Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast (Cambridge,Mass.,1953)。
1707503402
1707503403 [76]冯桂芬写于1860—1861年的论文,被送给他的保护人曾国藩,这个清朝中兴的关键人物。参见S.Teng and J.K.Fairbank (eds.),China’s Response to the West (Cambridge,Mass.,1979),pp.50–53。
1707503404
1707503405 [77]参见J.Spence,God’s Chinese Son:The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (New York,1996)的最好的近现代历史。
1707503406
1707503407 [78]在1853—1863年期间,捻军控制的地区大于英国。参见S.Y.Teng,The Nien Army and their Guerilla Warfare (The Hague,1961),pp.219ff。
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