打字猴:1.707503408e+09
1707503408
1707503409 [79]关于最近的研究,见J.Lee,‘Trade and Economy in Pre-Industrial East Asia c.1500–c.1800:East Asia in the Age of Global Integration’,Journal of Asian Studies 58,1 (1999),pp.2–26。
1707503410
1707503411 [80]在19世纪10年代和50年代期间,鸦片消费增长了七成。参见Y.P.Hao,The Commercial Revolution in Nineteenth-Century China:The Rise of Sino-Western Mercantile Capitalism (Berkeley and London,1986),p.69。
1707503412
1707503413 [81]P.Richardson,Economic Change in China c.1800–1950 (London,1999),p.21.
1707503414
1707503415 [82]参见Mary C.Wright,The Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism:The Tung-chih Restoration 1862–1874 (Standford,1957)。
1707503416
1707503417 [83]关于这个事件,见H.B.Morse and H.F.MacNair,Far Eastern International Relational Relations (2nd edn,Cambridge,Mass.,1931),p.352。
1707503418
1707503419 [84]Wright,Last Stand,p.195.
1707503420
1707503421 [85]Ibid.,pp.52,55;E.J.Rhoads,Manchus and Han (Seattle,2000)争议说,直到1900年以后还一直有种族和文化差异。
1707503422
1707503423 [86]Y.P.Hao,The Comprador in Nineteenth-Century China (Cambridge,Mass.,1970)是标准著作。
1707503424
1707503425 [87]怡和洋行是最著名的一家老牌英资洋行,远东最大的英资财团,清朝时即从事与中国的贸易。渣甸洋行对香港早年的发展有举足轻重的作用,是首家在上海开设的欧洲公司,也是首家在日本成立的外国公司。今天的怡和是一家业务多元化的国际公司,公司的母公司怡和控股有限公司在百慕大注册,股份在新加坡及伦敦两地上市。
1707503426
1707503427 [88]太古洋行是一家老牌英资洋行,清朝时即从事与中国的贸易。今天的太古是一个植根于亚洲的跨国公司。其在大中华区的业务多用太古名称。
1707503428
1707503429 [89]Hao,Commercial Revolution,p.340;关于商人的困境,见F.E.Hyde,Far Eastern Trade 1860–1914 (London,1973),第5章。
1707503430
1707503431 [90]Hao,Commercial Revolution,pp.338–339.
1707503432
1707503433 [91]一份出色的研究,见Albert M.Craig,Choshu in the Meiji Restoration (Cambridge,Mass.,1961),pp.17ff。
1707503434
1707503435 [92]参见C.Totman,Early Modern Japan (London,1993),pp.242–245。
1707503436
1707503437 [93]Craig,Choshu,pp.26,53–70;C.L.Yates,Saigo Takamori (London,1995),p.19.
1707503438
1707503439 [94]关于这些事件,见Craig,Choshu,第8—9章。
1707503440
1707503441 [95]关于列强的中立宣言,见E.Satow,A Diplomat in Japan (London,1921),p.303;Morse and MacNair,Far Eastern International Relations,p.325。
1707503442
1707503443 [96]关于该进程的最好介绍,仍然是E.H.Norman,Japan’s Emergence as a Modern State (New York,1940),一份在今天的专业文献中奇怪地被忽略的出色研究,它大体上预言了其论点和思想。
1707503444
1707503445 [97]The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Aristomo in the Rise of Modern Japan (Cambridge,Mass.,1971).
1707503446
1707503447 [98]参见Rodger F.Hackett,Yamagata Aristomo in the Rise of Modern Japan (Cambridge,Mass.,1971)。
1707503448
1707503449 [99]关于这个进程,见T.Fujitani,Splendid Monarchy:Power and Pegeantry in Modern Japan (Lodnon,1998)。
1707503450
1707503451 [100]G.C.Allen and A.Donnithorne,Western Enterprise in Far Eastern Economic Development:China and Japan (London,1954),p.202.
1707503452
1707503453 [101]C.Howe,The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy (London,1996),p.250.
1707503454
1707503455 [102]E.S.Crawcour,‘Economic Change in the Nineteenth Century’,in M.B.Jansen (ed.),The Cambridge History of Japan,vol.5:The Nineteenth Century (Cambridge,1989),p.616.
1707503456
1707503457 [103]这或许部分是由财政需要诱导的,参见T.Suzuki-Morris,A History of Japanese Economic Thought (London,1989),p.57。
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