1707503350
1707503351
[50]R.C.Wade,The Urban Frontier:Pioneer Life in Early Pittsburgh,Cincinnati,Lexington,Louisville and St Louis (Chicago,1959),p.341.
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1707503353
[51]关于在一个“企业”经济与国家起着重大作用的经济的鲜明对照的讨论(美国和加拿大的情况),见W.T.Easterbrook,North American Patterns of Growth and Development:The Continental Context (Toronto,1990)。
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1707503355
[52]G.Blainey,The Tyranny of Distance (Melbourne,1966).
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1707503357
[53]关于这个的出色讨论,见G.Raby,Making Rural Australia (Oxford,1996)。
1707503358
1707503359
[54]G.Brechin,Imperial San Francisco:Urban Power,Earthly Ruin (Berkeley,Los Angeles and London,1999).
1707503360
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[55]W.Issel and R.W.Cherny,San Francisco 1865–1932 (London,1986),ch.2.
1707503362
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[56]Elliott West,The Contested Plains:Indians,Goldseekers and the Rush to Colorado (Lawrence,Kan.,1998).
1707503364
1707503365
[57]关于左轮手枪让美洲白人征服平原的印第安人的意义,见Walter Prescott Webb,The Great Plains (New York,1936),pp.167–179:‘It enabled the white man to fight the Plains Indians on horseback’。
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1707503367
[58]D.Robinson,Paths of Accommodation:Muslin Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Mauretania,1880–1920 (Athens,O.,and Oxford,2000),p.59.
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[59]越南北方的旧称,为汉语名称,意即“东方的首都”,它最初仅指河内,后来被用作整个国家的名称,1802年以前,东京一直为中国的附属国,后来沦为法国的保护国,1950年成为越南的一部分。——译者注
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[60]《黑暗的中心》(The Heart of Darkness)于1902年出版。该资料来自Everyman版本(London,1974),p.62。
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1707503373
[61]关于Embu的研究,参见C.H.Ambler,Kenyan Communities in the Age of Imperialism (New Haven,1988)。
1707503374
1707503375
[62]Winwood Reade,The Martydom of Man (London,1872),p.242。在到20世纪20年代成为广为阅读的(以及特别原创的)书中,Reade的目标是坚持非洲并不存在于世界历史之外,而是在其中起了中心作用。
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1707503377
[63]M.Osborne,The River Road to China (London,1975),p.186.
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[64]L.Subramanian,‘Banias and the British:The Role of Indigenous Credit in … Imperial Expansion in Western India’,Modern Asian Studies 21 (1987),pp.473–510.
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1707503381
[65]20年后,英属印度的三个“领地”孟加拉(包括印度北部大部)、孟买和马德拉斯的军队,总计超过27万人。M.K.Pasha,Recruitment and Underdevelopment in the Punjab (Karachi,1998),p.32。
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1707503383
[66]公司统治时代的最佳简短研究,见D.A.Washbrook,‘India,1818–1860:The Two Faces of Colonialism’,in A.Porter (ed.),The Oxford History of the British Empire,vol.3:The Nineteenth Century (Oxford,1999),pp.395–421。也参考他的‘Economic Depression and the Making of “Traditional” Society in Colonial India 1820–1855’,Trnsactions of the Royal Historical Society,6th Series,3 (1993),pp.237–263。
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1707503385
[67]Thornton’s Gazeteer of India 1857 (London,1857),pp.136,175.
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1707503387
[68]S.David,The Indian Mutiny (London,2002),p.397.
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1707503389
[69]Ibid.,p.346.
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1707503391
[70]关于起义及其原因,见R.C.Majumdar,The Sepoy Mutiny and the Revolt of 1857 (Calcutta,1968);C.A.Bayly,Empire and Information (Cambridge,1996),ch.9;E.T.Stokes,The Peasant and the Raj (Cambridge,1978);C.A.Bayly,‘Two Colonial Revolts:The Java War and the Indian “Mutiny” of 1857–1859’,in C.A.Bayly and D.A.Kolff (eds.),Two Colonial Empires (Dordrecht,1986);F.Robinson,‘The Muslims of Upper India and the Shock of the Mutiny’,in his Islam and Muslim History in South Asia (New Delhi,2000),pp.138–155。
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[71]Stokes,Peasant,p.150,脚注。
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[72]参见Stokes,The English Utilitarians and India (Oxford,1959)。
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[73]“同治”是1862—1874年的中国皇帝的年号;“明治”是1868—1912年日本天皇的年号。
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1707503399
[74]经典评述仍是M.Greenberg,British Trade and the Opening of China (Cambridge,1951)。
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