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[95]关于列强的中立宣言,见E.Satow,A Diplomat in Japan (London,1921),p.303;Morse and MacNair,Far Eastern International Relations,p.325。
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[96]关于该进程的最好介绍,仍然是E.H.Norman,Japan’s Emergence as a Modern State (New York,1940),一份在今天的专业文献中奇怪地被忽略的出色研究,它大体上预言了其论点和思想。
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[97]The Autobiography of Fukuzawa Aristomo in the Rise of Modern Japan (Cambridge,Mass.,1971).
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[98]参见Rodger F.Hackett,Yamagata Aristomo in the Rise of Modern Japan (Cambridge,Mass.,1971)。
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[99]关于这个进程,见T.Fujitani,Splendid Monarchy:Power and Pegeantry in Modern Japan (Lodnon,1998)。
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[100]G.C.Allen and A.Donnithorne,Western Enterprise in Far Eastern Economic Development:China and Japan (London,1954),p.202.
1707503452
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[101]C.Howe,The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy (London,1996),p.250.
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[102]E.S.Crawcour,‘Economic Change in the Nineteenth Century’,in M.B.Jansen (ed.),The Cambridge History of Japan,vol.5:The Nineteenth Century (Cambridge,1989),p.616.
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[103]这或许部分是由财政需要诱导的,参见T.Suzuki-Morris,A History of Japanese Economic Thought (London,1989),p.57。
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[104]参见Herbert P.Bix,Peasant Protest in Japan 1590–1884 (New Havebm 1986),pp.210–212;G.Roznan,‘Social Change’,in Jansen (ed.),Cambridge History of Japan,vol.5,p.525。
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[105]参见第4章。
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[106]D.Quataert,‘The Age of Reforms,1812–1914’,in H.Inalcik with D.Quataert (eds.),An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914 (Cambridge,1994),p.881.
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[107]Xavier de Plamhol,L’Islamet la mer:La mosque et le matelot (Paris,2000),pp.270–271。事实上,土耳其海军在欧洲位居第三,但是表现极差。
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[108]M.Todorova,‘Midhat Pasha’s Governmentship of the Danubian Provinces’,in C.E.Farah (ed.),Decision-Making and Change in the Ottoman Empire (Kirksville,Mo.,1993),pp.115–123.
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[109]参见J.McCarthy,Death and Exile:The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922 (Princeton,1995),pp.37ff。
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[110]C.Clay,‘The Financial Collapse of the Ottoman State’,in D.Panzac (ed.),Histoire economique de l’Empire Ottoman et de la Turcquie (1326–1960) (Aix,1992),pp.119,124.
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[111]C.Issawi,‘Middle East Economic Development 1815–1914’,in A.Hourani,P.S.Khoury and M.C.Wilson (eds.),The Modern Middle East (London,1993),p.183.
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[112]由此Izmir (Smyrna)与欧洲和美洲的连接比与安纳托利亚内陆的连接要容易。参见A.J.Toynbee,The Western Question in Greece and Turkey (London,1922),p.125。
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[113] Issawi,‘Middle East Economic Development’,p.190.
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[114]K.Fahmy,All the Pasha’s Men:MEHMED Ali,his Army and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cairo,2002).
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[115]C.Issawi,Egypt:An Economic and Social Analysis (London,1947),p.14.
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[116]参见J.Berque,Egypt:Imperialism and Revolution (London,1972),pp.88–94。
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[117] J.R.McCoan,Egypt (New York,1876),p.91.
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[118]最好的现代研究见D.A.Farnie,East and West of Suez:The Suez Canal in History,1854–1956 (Oxford,1969)。
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[119]关于埃及的社会和政治危机的最好研究,见A.Scholch,‘Egypt for the Egyptians’:The Social-Political Crisis in Egypt,1878–1882 (London,1981)。
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