打字猴:1.707503458e+09
1707503458
1707503459 [104]参见Herbert P.Bix,Peasant Protest in Japan 1590–1884 (New Havebm 1986),pp.210–212;G.Roznan,‘Social Change’,in Jansen (ed.),Cambridge History of Japan,vol.5,p.525。
1707503460
1707503461 [105]参见第4章。
1707503462
1707503463 [106]D.Quataert,‘The Age of Reforms,1812–1914’,in H.Inalcik with D.Quataert (eds.),An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914 (Cambridge,1994),p.881.
1707503464
1707503465 [107]Xavier de Plamhol,L’Islamet la mer:La mosque et le matelot (Paris,2000),pp.270–271。事实上,土耳其海军在欧洲位居第三,但是表现极差。
1707503466
1707503467 [108]M.Todorova,‘Midhat Pasha’s Governmentship of the Danubian Provinces’,in C.E.Farah (ed.),Decision-Making and Change in the Ottoman Empire (Kirksville,Mo.,1993),pp.115–123.
1707503468
1707503469 [109]参见J.McCarthy,Death and Exile:The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821–1922 (Princeton,1995),pp.37ff。
1707503470
1707503471 [110]C.Clay,‘The Financial Collapse of the Ottoman State’,in D.Panzac (ed.),Histoire economique de l’Empire Ottoman et de la Turcquie (1326–1960) (Aix,1992),pp.119,124.
1707503472
1707503473 [111]C.Issawi,‘Middle East Economic Development 1815–1914’,in A.Hourani,P.S.Khoury and M.C.Wilson (eds.),The Modern Middle East (London,1993),p.183.
1707503474
1707503475 [112]由此Izmir (Smyrna)与欧洲和美洲的连接比与安纳托利亚内陆的连接要容易。参见A.J.Toynbee,The Western Question in Greece and Turkey (London,1922),p.125。
1707503476
1707503477 [113] Issawi,‘Middle East Economic Development’,p.190.
1707503478
1707503479 [114]K.Fahmy,All the Pasha’s Men:MEHMED Ali,his Army and the Making of Modern Egypt (Cairo,2002).
1707503480
1707503481 [115]C.Issawi,Egypt:An Economic and Social Analysis (London,1947),p.14.
1707503482
1707503483 [116]参见J.Berque,Egypt:Imperialism and Revolution (London,1972),pp.88–94。
1707503484
1707503485 [117] J.R.McCoan,Egypt (New York,1876),p.91.
1707503486
1707503487 [118]最好的现代研究见D.A.Farnie,East and West of Suez:The Suez Canal in History,1854–1956 (Oxford,1969)。
1707503488
1707503489 [119]关于埃及的社会和政治危机的最好研究,见A.Scholch,‘Egypt for the Egyptians’:The Social-Political Crisis in Egypt,1878–1882 (London,1981)。
1707503490
1707503491 [120]E.Albrahamian,Iran between Two Revolution (Princeston,1982),p.28.
1707503492
1707503493 [121]参见H.Algar,Religion and State in Iran 1795–1906 (Berkeley and Los Angeles,1969),第1章。
1707503494
1707503495 [122]H.Algar,Mirza Malkum Khan (Berkeley and Los Angeles,1973) ,pp.24ff.
1707503496
1707503497 [123]A.K.S.Lambton,Qajar Persia (London,1987),pp.20,21,44.
1707503498
1707503499 [124]P.Avery,G.R.G.Hambly and C.Melville (eds.),The Cambridge History of Iran,vol.7:From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic (Cambridge,1991),p.726.
1707503500
1707503501 [125]Lambton,Qajar Persia,p.292.
1707503502
1707503503 [126]19世纪中叶,可能有150个欧洲人住在伊朗;1890年仍然只有800人。Ibid.,p.207。
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