打字猴:1.707503794e+09
1707503794 [42]G.Chisholm,Handbook of Commercial Geography (4th edn,London,1908),pp.583,609.
1707503795
1707503796 [43]到1914年,法国对俄国的投资占其对外投资总额的25%。R.E.Cameron,France and the Economic Development of Europe 1800–1914 (Princeton,1961),p.486。
1707503797
1707503798 [44]D.Moon,‘Peasant Migration and the Settlement of Russia’s Frontiers,1550–1917’,Historical Journal 40,4 (1997),pp.859–893,esp.pp.867–868.
1707503799
1707503800 [45]D.W.Treadhold,The Great Siberian Migration (Princeton,1957),p.13.到1917年人数达到了700万。
1707503801
1707503802 [46]M.Joffe,‘Diamond in the Rough:The State,Entrepreneurs and Turkestan’s Hidden Resources in Late Imperial Russia’,in M.Siefert (ed.),Extending the Borders of Russian History (London,2003),p.185.
1707503803
1707503804 [47]俄国在远东的人口1860年时1万,1900年达到30万,见D.Dallin,The Rise of Russia in Asia (London,1949),p.14。
1707503805
1707503806 [48]参见J.J.Stephan,The Russian Far East:A History (Stanford,1996)。
1707503807
1707503808 [49]精彩的讨论见A.Rieber,‘Persistent Factors in Russian Foreign Policy’,in Ragsdale (ed.) ,Imperial Russian Foreign Policy (Cambridge,1993)。
1707503809
1707503810 [50]根据1907年2月21日Lord Sanderson的观察,见G.P.Gooch and H.Temperley (eds.),British Documents on the Origins of the War,1898–1914 (12 vols.,London,1927–1938),vol.3,p.430。
1707503811
1707503812 [51]I.H.Nish,The Anglo-Japanese Alliance (London,1966).
1707503813
1707503814 [52] G.Monger,The End of Isolation (London,1963).
1707503815
1707503816 [53]P.Mathias and M.M.Postan (eds.),The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,vol.7:The Industrial Economics:Capital,Labour and Enterprise,pt I:Britain,France,Germany and Scandinavia (Cambridge,1978),p.555.
1707503817
1707503818 [54]1911年德国的人口是6,500万,欧洲境内俄国的人口是13,600万。
1707503819
1707503820 [55]关于俾斯麦殖民扩张的观点,见O.Pflanze,Bismarck and the Development of Germany,vol.3:The Period of Fortification,1880–1898 (Princeton,1990),第5章。
1707503821
1707503822 [56]因为官方不确定德国的世界兴趣究竟是什么,参见W.Mommsen,Imperial Germany 1867–1918 (1990,Eng.Trans.London,1995),p.82。
1707503823
1707503824 [57]参见I.L.D.Forbes,‘German Informal Imperialism in South America before 1914’,Economic History Review,New Series,31,3 (1978),pp.396–398。
1707503825
1707503826 [58]C.Peters,England and the English (Eng.Trans.London,1904),p.388.
1707503827
1707503828 [59]J.Marseille,Empire colonial et capitalism francaise (Paris,1984),p.40.
1707503829
1707503830 [60]E.H.Jenkin,A History of the French Navy (London,1973),pp.307–309.
1707503831
1707503832 [61]Andrew,Delcassé,pp.105ff.
1707503833
1707503834 [62]参见W.Gong,The ‘Standard of Civilisation’ in International Society (Oxford,1984)。
1707503835
1707503836 [63]参见W.Fischer and R.M.McInnis(eds.),The Emergence of a World Economy 1500–1914,pt 2:1850–1914 (Wiesbaden,1986)。
1707503837
1707503838 [64]A.J.H.Latham and L.Neal,‘The International Market in Wheat and Rice,1868–1914’,Economic History Review,New Series,36,2(1983),pp.260–275.
1707503839
1707503840 [65]W.Woodruff,The Impact of Western Man:A Study of Europe’s Role in the World Economy 1750–1960 (London,1966),p.313.
1707503841
1707503842 [66]明晰的解释参见S.B.Saul,Studies in British Overseas Trade 1870–1914 (Liverpool,1960),第3章,‘The Pattern of Settlements’。
1707503843
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