1707503936
[113]For Manchu-Han relations，E.J.Rhoads，Manchus and Han (Seattle，2000).
1707503937
1707503938
[114]R.K.I.Quested，‘Matey’ Imperialists：The Tsarist Russian in Manchuria，1895–1917 (Hong Kong，1982)，pp.21–22.
1707503939
1707503940
[115]同上书，第59页。
1707503941
1707503942
[116]参见L.K.Young，British Policy in China，1895–1902 (Oxford，1970)。
1707503943
1707503944
[117]Nish，The Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
1707503945
1707503946
[118]For Sun’s career，H.Z.Schiffrin，Sun Yat-sen：Reluctant Revolutionary (Boston，1980).
1707503947
1707503948
[119]参见E.Rawski，‘Re-envisioning the Qing：The Singnificance of the Qing period in Chinese History’，Journal of Asian Studies 55，4 (1996)，p.839。
1707503949
1707503950
[120]R.Bin Wong，China Transformed：Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience (Ithaca，NY，1997)，p.163.
1707503951
1707503952
[121]George Morrison to Valentine Chirol，8 Sept.1906，in Lo Hui-min (ed.)，The Correspindence of G.E.Morrison (2 vols.，Cambridge，1976)，vol.I，p.375;J.O.P.Bland，Recent Events and Present Policies in China (London，1912).
1707503953
1707503954
[122]F.H.H.King，The Hong Kong Bank in the Period of Imperialism and War，1875–1918 (Cambridge，1988)，p.348.
1707503955
1707503956
[123]C.-K.Leung，China：Railway Patterns and National Goals (Hong Kong，1980)，p.39.
1707503957
1707503958
[124]C.Tsuzuki，The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995 (Oxford，2000)，p.104.
1707503959
1707503960
[125]P.Duus，R.Myers and M.Peattie (eds.)，Japanese Informal Empire in China，1895–1937 (Princeton，1989)，p.xxxiii.
1707503961
1707503962
[126]A.Iriye，Pacific Estrangement：Japanese and American Expansion，1897–1911 (Cambridge，Mass.，1972)，p.221.
1707503963
1707503964
[127]J.O.P.Bland to C.Addis，23 Sept.1907，Thomas Fisher Library，University of Toronto，J.O.P.Bland MSS，box 23.
1707503965
1707503966
[128]T.Yokoyama，Japan in the Victorian Mind (Basingstoke，1987)，第8章。
1707503967
1707503968
[129]A.Iriye，‘Japan’s Drive to Great Power Status’，in M.B.Jansen (ed.)，The Cambridge History of Japan，vol.5：The Nineteenth Century (Cambridge，1989)，pp.738ff.
1707503969
1707503970
[130]A.Waswo，Modern Japanese Society，1868–1994 (Oxford，1996)，p.60.
1707503971
1707503972
[131]参见K.Sugihara，‘Patterns of Asia’s Integration into the World Economy，1888–1913’，in Fischer and McInnis (eds.)，World Economy，第二部分。
1707503973
1707503974
[132] Tsuzuki，Pursuit of Power，p.195.
1707503975
1707503976
[133]C.Howe，The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy (London，1996)，pp.148，157，197–199，for Japan’s Pre-war difficulties.
1707503977
1707503978
[134]J.Ch’en，Yuan Shih-kai，1859–1916 (London，1961)，第9章。
1707503979
1707503980
[135]M.E.Meeker，A Nation of Empire：The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity (Berkeley，Los Angeles and London，2002)，pp.276–277.
1707503981
1707503982
[136]参见Eugene Rogan，Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire：Transjordan 1850–1921 (Cambridge，1999)。
1707503983
1707503984
[137]参见D.Quataert，‘The Age of Reforms，1812–1914’，in H.Inalcik with D.Quataert (des.)，An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1914 (Cambridge,1994)，p.872。
1707503985
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