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1707566228 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 [:1707562097]
1707566229 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 第十二章
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1707566231 有关中国环境和人口的主要文献,最新资料大多是用中文写就的。参考文献可见本人与刘建国共同发表的“China’s environment in a globalizing world:How China and the Rest of the World Affect Each Other(Nature 435:1179-1186(2005))”,至于英文方面的相关书籍或期刊,华盛顿的Woodrow Wilson Center(e-mail:chinaenv@erols.corn)出版了一系列名为China Environment Series的年刊。世界银行的出版物有China:Air, Land, and Water(Washington, D.C.:The World Bank, 2001),除了纸印本,还有光盘。其他相关书籍还有L.R.Brown的Who Will Feed China?(New York:Norton, 1995);M.B.McElroy, C.P.Nielson与P.Lydon共同编辑的Energizing China:Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth(Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1998);J.Shapiro的Mao’s War against Nature(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2001);D.Zweig的Internationalizing China:Domestic Interests and Global Linkages(Ithaca, N.Y.:Cornell University Press, 2002);Mark Elvin的The Retreat of the Elephants:An Environmental History of China(New Haven:Yale University Press, 2004);此外还有曲格平与李金昌合著的《中国人口与环境》(中国环境科学出版社,1992)一书的英译本Population and Environment in China(Boulder, Colo.:Lynne Rienner, 1994)。
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1707566236 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 [:1707562098]
1707566237 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 第十三章
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1707566239 有关英国人在澳大利亚的早期殖民史,可参阅Robert Hughes的The Fatal Shore:The Epic of Australia’s Founding(New York:Knopf, 1987),时间跨度从1778年直至19世纪。而Tim Flannery的The Future Eaters:An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People(Chatsworth, New South Wales:Reed, 1994)则从四万年前澳大利亚原住民在此落脚写起,并论及原住民和后来的欧洲人对当地环境的影响。David Horton在The Pure State of Nature:Sacred Cows, Destructive Myths and the Environment(St.Leonards, New South Wales:Allen & Unwin, 2000)一书中采取了和Flannery完全不同的角度来论述。
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1707566241 下列三份来自澳大利亚官方的资料为澳大利亚的环境、经济和社会提供了详尽的信息:Australian State of the Environment Committee 2001出版的Australia:State of the Environment 2001(Canberra:Department of Environment and Heritage, 2001);有关这份报告的补充资料见网站:http://www.ea.gov.au/soe/;这份报告的前身是State of the Environment Advisory Committee 1996出版的Australia:State of the Environment 1996(Melbourne:CSIRO Publishing, 1996);还有Dennis Trewin编辑的2001 Year Book Australia(Canberra:Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001),此为建国百年纪念版,澳大利亚年鉴自1908年就已开始出版。
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1707566243 Mary E.White写的两本综述澳大利亚环境问题的书,插图精美。一本是Listen …Our Land Is Crying(East Roseville, New South Wales:Kangaroo Press, 1997);还有一本是Running Down:Water in a Changing Land(East Roseville, New South Wales:Kangaroo Press, 2000)。Tim Flannery的“Beautiful lies:population and Environment in Australia”(Quarterly Essay no.9, 2003)对环境问题进行了简要的综述。有关澳大利亚土壤盐碱化的历史以及对环境造成的冲击,可参看Quentin Beresford、Hugo Bekle、Harry Phillips和Jane Mulcock合著的The Salinity Crisis:Landscapes, Communities and Politics(Crawley, Western Australia:University of Western Australia Press, 2001)。Andrew Campbell在Landcare:Communities Shaping the Land and the Future(St.Leonards, New South Wales:Allen & Unwin, 1994)一书中对于改善澳大利亚乡村土地经营起重要作用的草根运动作了描述。
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1707566248 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 [:1707562099]
1707566249 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 第十四章
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1707566251 本章除了用我加州大学洛杉矶分校的学生的问题作引子外,Joseph Tainter 的The Collapses of Complex Societies(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988)也起了一个很好的开头,他在书里解释了一个社会为何没能解决自身的环境问题。Thomas McGovern等人发表的“Northern islands, human error, and environmental degradation:a view of social and ecological change in the medieval North Atlantic”(Human Ecology 16:225-270(1988))追溯了中世纪格陵兰的维京人为何没能洞察环境问题。对这个谜团感兴趣的读者,可以参阅McGovern等人的见解,我在本章提出的答案,有一部分与McGovern的观点重复。
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1707566253 Elinor Ostrom和她的同事对公地的悲剧(又称共同资源)进行了研究,通过比较调查和实验博弈两种方式,识别消费者在何种情况下,最能发现他们的共同利益并实行有效的配额系统。Ostrom写的一系列专著中有她个人写的Governing the Commons:The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1990);还有她和Roy Gardner、James Walker合著的Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources(Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press, 1994)。Elinor Ostrom近年发表的论文包括“Coping with tragedies of the commons”(Annual Reviews of Political Science 2:493-535(1999));她与别人合作发表的“Revisiting the commons:local lessons, global challenges”(Science 284:278-282(1999));还有Thomas Dietz与Elinor Ostrom和Paul Stern共同发表的“The struggle to govern the commons ”(Science 302:1907-1912(2003))。
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1707566255 Barbara Tuchman在The March of Folly:From Troy to Vietnam(New York:Ballantine Books, 1984)一书中,囊括了如书名所言的从特洛伊战争到越战,由古至今所发生过的众多灾难性决策,其中有阿兹台克皇帝蒙提祖玛的愚行、西班牙天主教势力的衰败、英国对美国革命的挑衅等自毁行为。而Charles Mackay的Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds(New York:Barnes and Noble, 1993, reprint of the original 1852 edition)讨论的范围比Tuchman的书更广,他还提到了英国18世纪的南海泡沫、17世纪荷兰的郁金香热、末日审判中的预言、十字军东征、猎杀女巫、鬼魂信仰、圣迹崇拜、法师斗法,以及国王颁布的针对头发和胡须长度的规定等。Irving Janis写的Groupthink(Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1983, revised 2nd ed.)一书通过研究近年来美国总统及其顾问团的决策来探讨群体决策的成败。Janis的案例研究包括1961年猪湾危机、1950年美军越过三八线、1941年日本偷袭珍珠港迫使美国卷入战争、1964年至1967年间美国介入越战、1962年古巴导弹危机,还有美国在1947年为了援助欧洲经济复兴推动的马歇尔计划。
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1707566257 Garrett Hardin发表在Science 162:1243-1248(1968)上的“The tragedy of the commons”是一篇引用率极高的经典文章。Mancur Olson的“Dictatorship,democracy,and development”(American Political Science Review 87:567-576(1993))用流寇和坐寇来形容中国军阀。Hal Arkcs与Peter Ayton合作发表的“The sunk cost and Concorde effects:are humans less rational than lower animals?”(Psychological Bulletin 125:591-600(1999)),以及Marco Janssen等人发表的“Sunk-cost effects and vulnerability to collapse in ancient societies”(Current Anthropology 44:722-728(2003))这两篇论文对沉没成本效应进行了探讨。
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1707566262 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 [:1707562100]
1707566263 崩溃:社会如何选择成败兴亡 第十五章
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1707566265 有关石油业的发展史和前景展望可参看下列两本书:Kenneth Deffeyes写的Hubbert’s Peak:The Impending World Oil Shortage(Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press, 2001)和Paul Roberts的The End of Oil(Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 2004)。业界的视角可从一些大型国际石油公司的网站来了解, 如雪佛龙德士古的www.chevrontexaco.corn。
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1707566267 有关采矿业的真实情况,读者可关注几家主要的矿产公司共同发起的一项名为“Mining, Minerals, and Sustainable Development”的计划,相关出版物有Breaking New Ground:Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development(London:Earthscan, 2002);以及Alistair MacDonald的Industry in Transition:A Profile of the North American Mining Sector(Winnipeg:International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2002)。其他数据还有华盛顿矿业政策中心的出版物,如最近更名为Earthworks的杂志(网址:www.mineralpolicy.org)。探讨采矿业环境问题的专著有:Duane Smith的Mining America:The Industry and the Environment, 1800-1980(Boulder:University Press of Colorado, 1993);Thomas Power写的Lost Landscapes and Failed Economies:The Search for a Value of Place(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 1996);Jerrold Marcus编辑的Mining Environmental Handbook:Effects of Mining on the Environment and American Environmental Controls on Mining(London:Imperial College Press, 1997);以及Al Gedicks的Resource Rebels:Native Challenges to Mining and Oil Corporations(Cambridge, Mass:South End Press, 2001)。下列两本书讲述了巴布亚新几内亚布根维尔岛铜矿开采业经营失利的情况:M.O’Callaghan写的Enemies Within:Papua New Guinea, Australia, and the Sandline Crisis:The Inside Story(Sydney:Doubleday, 1999);和Donald Denoon写的Getting Under the Skin:The Bougainville Copper Agreement and Creation of the Panguna Mine(Melbourne:Melbourne University Press, 2000)。
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1707566269 有关森林认证的信息,请登录森林管理委员会的网站:www.fscus.org。如果想了解森林管理委员会与其他认证系统的区别,可以参阅Saskia Ozinga的Behind the Logs:An Environmental and Social Assessment of Forest Certification Schemes(Moreton-in-Marsh, UK:Fern, 2001)。关于森林砍伐史,可参考下列两本书:John Perlin的A Forest Journey:The Role of Wood in the Development of Civilization(New York:Norton, 1989)和Michael Williams写的Deforesting the Earth:From Prehistory to Global Crisis(Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2003)。
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1707566271 有关渔业养殖证的信息,可以登录海洋管理委员会的网站:www.msc.org。Howard M.Johnson(网站:www.hmj.com)写了一系列名为美国水产业的年报(Jacksonville, Ore.:Howard Johnson, annually)。在Jason Clay 的World Agriculture and the Environment:A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 2004)一书中,有两章专门探讨虾和鲑鱼的水产养殖。有关总体或个别鱼类过度捕捞的问题,可以参看下列四本书籍:Mark Kurlansky的Cod:A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World(New York:Walker, 1997);Suzanne Ludicello、Michael Weber与Robert Wreland的Fish, Markets, and the Fishermen:The Economics of Overfishing(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 1999);David Montgomery写的King of Fish:The Thousand-Year Run of Salmon(New York:Westview, 2003);以及Daniel Pauly与Jay Maclean的In a Perfect Ocean(Washington, D.C.:Island Press, 2003)。相关论文可参看Jeremy Jackson等人发表的“Historical overfishing and thc recent collapse of coastal ecosystems”(Science 293:629-638(2001))。Ronald Hits等人在他们的报告“Global assessment of organic contaminates in farmed salmon”(Science 303:226-229(2004))中提出人工养殖的三文鱼比野生三文鱼含有的毒素更高。
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1707566273 如果不了解企业在竞争激烈的商界生存的艰难,就很难理解企业采用的环境措施。就这一主题,如下三本书可供参考:Thomas Peters、Robert Waterman Jr合著的In Search of Excellence:Lessons from America’s Best-Run Companies(New York:HarperCollins, 1982, republished in 2004);Robert Waterman Jr.的The Renewal Factor:How the Best Get and Keep the Competitive Edge(Toronto:Bantam Books, 1987);以及Robert Waterman Jr.写的Adhocracy:The Power to Change(New York:Norton, 1990)。
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1707566275 探讨企业经营与环境保护两者如何兼顾的书籍有Tedd Saunders与Loretta McGovern合著的The Bottom Line of Green Is Black:Strategies for Creating Profitable and Environmentally Sound Businesses(San Francisco:HarperSanFrancisco, 1993);以及Jem Bendell编辑的Terms for Endearmen:Business NGOs and Sustainable Development(Sheffield, UK:Greenleaf, 2000)。
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