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[13]Nicola Di Cosmo,AncientChinaandItsEnemies:TheRiseofNomadic PowerinEastAsianHistory(Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2002),23.中译本见狄宇宙:《古代中国与其强邻:东亚历史上游牧力量的兴起》,贺严、高书文译,中国社会科学出版社,2010,第27页。
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[14]Anthony,TheHorse,theWheel,andLanguage,300.
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[15]Barfield,TheNomadicAlternative,133.
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[16]亦可参见Di Cosmo,AncientChinaandItsEnemies,28。中译本见狄宇宙:《古代中国与其强邻》,第32页。
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[17]Barfield,TheNomadicAlternative,137.
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[18]狄宇宙认为:“骑马者的生活要在实践中转变为真正意义上的游牧生活,会是一个漫长的过程,很有可能直到公元前第一个千年初才彻底完成这一转变。而最早的斯泰基马上弓箭手,则在公元前10世纪或公元前9世纪才出现。”Di Cosmo,Ancient ChinaandItsEnemies,27.中译本见狄宇宙:《古代中国与其强邻》,第31页。
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[19]Barfield,TheNomadicAlternative,134-135.
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[20]Barfield,TheNomadicAlternative,140-144.
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[21]关于气候变化的一般讨论,参见Ts’ui-jung Liu,“A Retrospective of Climate Changes and the Impacts in China History,”in Carmen Meinert,ed.,Nature,EnvironmentandCultureinEastAsia:TheChallengeofClimateChange(Leiden:Brill,2013),107-136。
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[22]Barfield,TheNomadicAlternative,145-150.
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[23]Ibid.,144-145,149.
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[24]Ibid.,149.
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[25]Martin Fiskesjö,“On the‘Raw’and the‘Cooked’Barbarians of Imperial China,”InnerAsia 1(1999):139-168.
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[26]Heather Peters,“Tattooed Faces and Stilt Houses:Who Were the Ancient Yue?”in Victor Mair ed.,Sino-PlatonicPapers no.17(1990):1-27.
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[27]译者注:据江应梁《傣族史》(四川民族出版社,1983),泰国学者的考古发现证实,泰族在四千年前就已在中南半岛活动,并非从中国南方迁入或被汉人驱赶至此;侗族虽然也属于侗泰语族,但并不属于泰语支,而属于侗水语支。
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[28]E.G.Pulleyblank,“The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times,”in TheOriginsofChineseCivilization,ed.Keightley,411-466.
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[29]Lothar von Falkenhausen,ChineseSocietyintheAgeofConfucius(1000-250 BC):TheArcheologicalEvidence(Los Angeles,CA:Cotsen Institute of Archeology,University of California-Los Angeles,2006),ch.5.
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[30]Stephen F.Sage,AncientSichuanandtheUnificationofChina(Albany,NY:State University of New York Press,1992),35.
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[31]Von Falkenhausen,ChineseSocietyintheAgeofConfucius,240,244-252.
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[32]Brian Lander,Environmental Change and the Rise of the Qin Empire:A Political Ecology of Ancient North China,Ph.D.dissertation(Columbia University,2015),ch.2.关于关中本地动物的详细名单,请参阅书中第73-75页的附录“文中提到物种的学名和中文名”(Scientific and Chinese Names of Species Mentioned in the Text)。兰德尔(Lander)的研究是迄今为止对中国古代北方环境最好的重建,对我们了解中国环境史做出了重要贡献。
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[33]转引自Mark Elvin,TheRetreatoftheElephants,43。
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[34]Hsu,“The Spring and Autumn Period,”CHAC,550.
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[35]Ibid.,576.
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[36]Bray,Agriculture,161.
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[37]Shaughnessey,“Western Zhou History,”326-328.
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