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[14]Ibid.,66-70.
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[15]C.Patterson Giersch,AsianBorderlands:TheTransformationofQing China’sYunnanFrontier(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,2006),20.
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[16]James C.Scott,TheArtofNotBeingGoverned:AnAnarchistHistoryof UplandSoutheastAsia(New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2009),ch.1.
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[17]Elvin,TheRetreatoftheElephants,216.
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[18]遗传学者目前认为东亚地区的现代人类是在同一次迁徙浪潮中经由东南亚移入的,因此中国人类族群的多样性在西南和南部地区最为丰富,随着人口向北方的迁移而趋于减少。参见The HUGO Pan-Asian SNP Consortium,“Mapping Human Genetic Diversity in Asia,”Science 326(December 11,2009):1541-1545。
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[19]Nicholas Menzies,“‘The Villagers’View of Environmental History in Yunnan Province,”in SedimentsofTime,eds.Elvin and Liu,112-113.中译本见刘翠溶、伊懋可主编:《积渐所至》,第175-207页。
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[20]Giersch,AsianBorderlands,22-24.
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[21]Laura Hostetler,QingColonialEnterprise:EthnographyandCartographyin Early Modern China (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 105-114, 135-148.
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[22]Herman,“The Cant of Conquest,”135-168.
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[23]Herman,AmidtheCloudsandMist,10.
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[24]Ibid.,87.
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[25]Herman,AmidtheCloudsandMist,136.
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[26]Ibid.,131.
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[27]除前述Giersch和Herman的著作以外,还可参见Leo Shin,TheMakingof theChineseState:EthnicityandExpansionontheMingBorderlands(New York,NY:Cambridge University Press,2006)。这些暴力事件和土地掠夺并不仅仅发生在汉人与土著民族之间,土著民族之间的冲突也非常频繁,这部分是因为土司们会掠夺周围部落的土地并希望能够获得汉人政府的支持或宽恕,部分则是因为汉人政府往往很不了解当地的具体情况,从而混淆了土著民族之间的战争和它们对明朝政府的“叛乱”。
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[28]David Faure,“The Yao Wars in the Mid-Ming and Their Impact on Yao Ethnicity,”in EmpireattheMargins,eds.Crossley,Siu,and Sutton,176.
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[29]Elvin,TheRetreatoftheElephants,227.
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[30]转引自上书,229-230。译者注:朱燮元奏疏,见《明史·朱燮元传》。
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[31]Herman,“The Cant of Conquest,”151.
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[32]转引自Hostetler,QingColonialEnterprise,113。
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[33]转引自Hostetler,QingColonialEnterprise,121-122。
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[34]James Lee,“Food Supply and Population Growth in Southwest China,1250-1850,”JournalofAsianStudies 41,no.4(1982):712.
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[35]关于这一复杂的故事,可以参见Richard von Glahn,FountainofFortune: MoneyandMonetaryPolicyinChina,1000-1700(Berkeley and Los Angeles,CA:University of California Press,1996)。
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[36]Dennis O.Flynn and Arturo Giraldez,“Cycles of Silver:Global Economic Unity through the mid-18thCentury,”Journal of World History 13(2002): 391-428.译者注:流入中国的美洲白银,是通过贸易而非欧洲殖民者那样掠夺的方式。
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[37]Herman,AmidtheCloudsandMist,142.译者注:田雯《黔书·朱砂》。
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[38]年产量接近一万吨,参见E-tu Zen Sun,“Ch’ing Government and the Mineral Industries before 1800,”TheJournalofAsianStudies 27,no.4(1968):841。
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