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[10]Ibid.
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[11]Joseph McDermott,TheMakingofaNewRuralOrderinSouthChina,volume 1,Village,and,and LineageinHuizhou,900-1600(New York,NY:Cambridge University Press,2013),ch.6.
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[12]Meng Zhang,“The Mountain Land Economy in Southeastern Guizhou:Coownership,Securitization and Risk-Sharing,1700-1900.”该文曾提交2016在华盛顿西雅图召开的美国亚洲协会年会,内容主要基于她的博士论文(暂定名TimberTrade alongtheYangziRiver:State,Market,andFrontier,1750-1911,University of California Los Angeles,2017)。
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[13]本部分关于湖北的内容主要参考了魏丕信的论文,Pierre-Etienne Will,“State Intervention in the Administration of a Hydraulic Structure:The Example of Hubei Province in Late Imperial Times,”in TheScopeofStatePowerinChina,ed.Stuart Schram(New York,NY:St.Martin’s Press,1985),295-347。中译本见魏丕信:《水利基础设施管理中的国家干预——以中华帝国晚期的湖北省为例》,魏幼红译,载陈锋主编:《明清以来长江流域社会发展史论》,武汉大学出版社,2006。
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[14]Brian Lander,“State Management of River Dikes in Early China:New Sources on the Environmental History of the Central Yangzi Region,”T’oungBao 100-4-5(2014):325-362.这篇文章对利用新的考古资料揭示长江中游地区的早期环境史具有开创性意义。
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[15]Will,“State Intervention,”308-309.中译本见陈锋主编:《明清以来长江流域社会发展史论》,第626页。
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[16]本部分关于湖南的内容主要参考了濮德培的著作,Peter C.Perdue,ExhaustingtheEarth:StateandPeasantinHunan,1500-1850(Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1987)。亦可参见Richards,TheUnendingFrontier,120-125。
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[17]Donald S.Sutton,“Ethnicity and the Miao Frontier in the Eighteenth Century,”in EmpireattheMargins,eds.Crossley,Siu,and Sutton,190.一个简短的评论可参见Vermeer,“Population and Ecology on the Frontier,”245-246(中译本见刘翠溶、伊懋可主编《积渐所至》)。
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[18]Richards,TheUnendingFrontier,133.
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[19]Richards,TheUnendingFrontier,137.
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[20]Sutton,“Ethnicity and the Miao Frontier in the Eighteenth Century,”190-192.
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[21]Perdue,ExhaustingtheEarth,211.
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[22]Keith Schoppa,XiangLake—NineCenturiesofChineseLife(New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,1989).中译本见萧邦齐:《九个世纪的悲歌:湘湖地区社会变迁研究》,姜良芹、全先梅译,社会科学文献出版社,2008。
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[23]Perdue,ExhaustingtheEarth,97.
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[24]Ibid., 86-87.
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[25]Ibid.,223.译者注:魏源《湖广水利论》。
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[26]Perdue,ExhaustingtheEarth,200-202.
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[27]本部分内容主要参考了安·奥思本的著作,Anne Osborne,BarrenMountains,RagingRivers:TheEcologicalandSocialEffectsofChangingLanduseontheLower YangziPeripheryinLateImperialChina(Columbia University Ph.D.dissertation,1989)and“Highlands and Lowlands:Economic and Ecological Interactions in the Lower Yangzi Region under the Qing,”in SedimentsofTime,eds.Elvin and Liu,203-234(中译本见刘翠溶、伊懋可主编:《积渐所至》,第349-386页);亦可参见Richards,TheUnendingFrontier,126-131。
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[28]Osborne,BarrenMountains,RagingRivers,41.译者注:道光《徽州府志》卷四《水利》。
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[29]Osborne,BarrenMountains,RagingRivers,162.译者注:凌介禧《少茗文稿漫存》,亦载光绪《乌程县志》卷三十五,第28页。
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[30]Skinner,“Introduction,”13.
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[31]Osborne, Barren Mountains, Raging Rivers, 158-167.
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[32]Ibid.,167.译者注:道光《徽州府志》卷四《水利》。
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[33]Osborne,BarrenMountains,RagingRivers,175.译者注:阮元《抚宪院禁棚民示》,嘉庆六年。
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[34]Ibid.,169-170.亦可参见Mark Elvin,“Three Thousand Years of Unsustainable Growth:China’s Environment from Archaic Times to the Present,”EastAsian History 6(1993):7-46。
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