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虽然蒋介石的国民政府在参战抗击日本时还是公认的中国政府,但到抗日战争结束时,毛泽东领导的中国共产党已经大大提升了自己的力量和威望,并足以挑战蒋介石对中国的统治了。蒋介石和他的部队的确曾经正面迎击日本的侵略,但在试图挽救南京而遭遇失败之后撤退到了群山环绕中的四川。中国共产党人则以黄土高原上的延安为根据地,组织农民开展敌后战争,在赢得农民信任的同时,也获得了那些看到共产党抗日而蒋介石撤退的城市知识分子的支持。到1945年,中国共产党已经控制了北方地区,人口接近一亿。1945年9月日本战败后,国民党和共产党未能达成协议组织联合政府,随后内战爆发。中国共产党人最终取得了胜利,并在1949年10月1日,由毛泽东主席宣布中华人民共和国成立。
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[1]关于厄尔尼诺-南方涛动与中国作物产量之间的联系,可参见Robert B.Marks and Georgina Endfield,“Environmental Change in the Tropics in the Past 1000 Years,”in QuaternaryEnvironmentalChangeintheTropics,eds.Sarah Metcalf and David Nash(Oxford,UK:Blackwell Publishing,2012)。
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[2]Mike Davis,LateVictorianHolocausts:ElNiñoFaminesandtheMakingof theThirdWorld(London,UK and New York,NY:Verso Press,2001),239.
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[3]Mike Davis,LateVictorianHolocausts:ElNiñoFaminesandtheMakingof theThirdWorld(London,UK and New York,NY:Verso Press,2001),240-245,270-272.
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[4]数据引自Li,FightingFamineinNorthChina,284。
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[5]Davis,LateVictorianHolocausts,7.
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[6]Li,FightingFamineinNorthChina,ch.8.
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[7]关于这部分的详细情况可参见Pierre-Etiennne Will,BureaucracyandFamine inEighteenth-CenturyChina(Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,1990;中译本见魏丕信:《18世纪中国的官僚制度与荒政》,徐建青译,江苏人民出版社,2003);更具体的介绍可参见Li,FightingFamineinNorthChina,ch.8;and Davis,Late VictorianHolocausts,280-285。
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[8]Li,FightingFamineinNorthChina,273.
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[9]James Reardon-Anderson,ReluctantPioneers:China’sExpansionNorthward,1644-1937(Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,2005),9.
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[10]James Reardon-Anderson,ReluctantPioneers:China’sExpansionNorthward,1644-1937(Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,2005),73.
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[11]Ibid.,97-101.
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[12]Dee Mack Williams,BeyondGreatWalls:Environment,Identity,andDevelopmentontheChineseGrasslandsofInnerMongolia(Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,2002),28.
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[13]Ibid., 28-29.
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[14]Reardon-Anderson,ReluctantPioneers,110.
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[15]Li,FightingFamineinNorthChina,303-307.
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[16]Reardon-Anderson,ReluctantPioneers,103-104.
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[17]Ibid.,140.
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[18]Ibid.,142.
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[19]转引自Reardon-Anderson,ReluctantPioneers,100.
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[20]Ibid.,107.
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[21]E.Elena Songster,“Cultivating the Nation in Fujian’s Forests:Forest Policies and Afforestation Effort in China,1911-1937,”Environmental History 8(July 2003):456.
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[22] Ibid.,457-458.
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[23]Ibid.,462.
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[24]Ibid.,468.
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