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[54]Xu Guohua and L.J.Peel，eds.，TheAgricultureofChina（Oxford，UK：Oxford University Press，1991），4.
1707588477
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[55]Williams，BeyondGreatWalls，25.
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1707588480
[56]James A.Millward and Peter C.Perdue，“Political and Cultural History of the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century，”in Xinjiang：China’sMuslim Borderland，ed.S.Frederick Starr（Armonk，NY：M.E.Sharpe，2004），30.
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1707588482
[57]Williams，BeyondGreatWalls，15.
1707588483
1707588484
[58]Ibid.，ch.2.
1707588485
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[59]David Sneath，ChangingInnerMongolia：PastoralMongolianSocietyandthe ChineseState（Oxford：Oxford University Press，2000），83，85.
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1707588488
[60]Ibid.，85.
1707588489
1707588490
[61]Ibid.，86.
1707588491
1707588492
[62]Ibid., 135-136.
1707588493
1707588494
[63]Ibid.，136.
1707588495
1707588496
[64]Williams，BeyondGreatWalls，ch.3.
1707588497
1707588498
[65]Kobayashi Tatsuaki and Yang Jie，“Eco-historical Background and the Modern Process of Desertification in the Mu-us Sand Land with Reference to Pastoral Life，”in TheGoodEarth，eds.Abe and Nickum，243-244.
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[66]Ibid.，249.姜戎的《狼图腾》用文学的形式反映了内蒙古草原变迁的某些真实情况。
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1707588502
[67]Ibid.，250.
1707588503
1707588504
[68]John Longworth and Gregory J.Williamson，China’sPastoralRegion：Sheepand Wool，MinorityNationalities，RangelandDegradationandSustainableDevelopment（Canberra，AU：The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research，1993），311.
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[69]Ibid.，254.
1707588507
1707588508
[70]Ibid.，258-261.
1707588509
1707588510
[71]Ibid., 260-263.
1707588511
1707588512
[72]Ibid.，82，332-333.
1707588513
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[73]Richard B.Harris，WildlifeConservationinChina：PreservingtheHabitat ofChina’sWildWest（Armonk，NY：M.E.Sharpe，2008）.
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[74]斯尼斯认为大约有50万蒙古人仍然在内蒙古的其他地区过着游牧生活（Sneath，ChangingInnerMongolia，x）。
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[75]Ibid.，264-265.
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[76]Williams，BeyondGreatWalls，ch.4.
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