打字猴:1.707588425e+09
1707588425
1707588426 [29]James Harkness,“Recent Trends in Forestry and Conservation of Biodiversity in China,”TheChinaQuarterly no.156(1998):914.
1707588427
1707588428 [30]Vaclav Smil,TheBadEarth,16.
1707588429
1707588430 [31]Liu Dacheng,“Reforestation after Deforestation in China,”in TheGoodEarth:RegionalandHistoricInsightsintoChina’sEnvironment,eds.Ken-ichi and Nickum,90-105,亦见Judith Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,ch.2。
1707588431
1707588432 [32]曲格平、李金昌:《中国人口与环境》,第69页。
1707588433
1707588434 [33]Nicholas Menzies,“‘The Villagers’View of Environmental History in Yunnan Province,”in SedimentsofTime,eds.Elvin and Liu,115,118.中译本见刘翠溶、伊懋可主编:《积渐所至》,第185、188页。
1707588435
1707588436 [34]对于饥荒的原因——是自然原因还是政治原因——仍有很多争论,其中对毛“大跃进”的批评,可参见Jasper Becker,HungryGhosts:Mao’sSecretFamine(New York,NY:First Owl Books,Henry Holt and Co.,1998)。最新的研究可参见Dikötter,Mao’sGreatFamine。
1707588437
1707588438 [35]关于“三线建设”的总体情况,可参见Barry Naughton,“The Third Front:Defence Industrialization in the Chinese Interior”,theChinaQuarterly no.115(1988):351-386。夏竹丽在她的书中也考察了这一战略对环境的影响,参见Mao’s War againstNature:PoliticsandtheEnvironmentinRevolutionaryChina(New York,NY:Cambridge University Press,2001),ch.4。
1707588439
1707588440 [36]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,152.
1707588441
1707588442 [37]曲格平、李金昌:《中国人口与环境》,第74页。与大寨截然不同的观点可参见William Hinton’s,Shenfan:TheContinuingRevolutioninaChineseVillage(New York,NY:Random House,1983),682-693(中译本见韩丁:《深翻:中国一个村庄的继续革命纪实》,中国国际文化出版社,2008);“Dazhai Revisited”,MonthlyReview 39,no.10(1988);Judith Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,ch.3。
1707588443
1707588444 [38]转引自Peter Ho,“Mao’s War against Nature? The Environmental Impact of the Grain-First Campaign in China,”TheChinaJournal,no.50(July 2003):51。译者注:青海省农业厅:《盛开在草原的红花——记全面大丰收的德令哈农场》,《中国农垦》1959年第1期。
1707588445
1707588446 [39]上述及更多的例子参见Judith Shapiro,Mao’sWaragainstNature,ch.3;曲格平、李金昌《中国人口与环境》;Vaclav Smil,TheBadEarth,ch.1;而相反的观点则可参见Peter Ho,“Mao’s War against Nature?”37-59。
1707588447
1707588448 [40]Liu,“Reforestation after Deforestation,”91.
1707588449
1707588450 [41]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,18-21.
1707588451
1707588452 [42]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,18-21.
1707588453
1707588454 [43]Ibid.,92.
1707588455
1707588456 [44]Sandra Postel and Lori Heise,ReforestingtheEarth,Worldwatch Paper 83(Washington,DC:Worldwatch Institute,1988),51-52.
1707588457
1707588458 [45]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,163,153-156.
1707588459
1707588460 [46]Wang et al.,“Mosaic of Reform:Forest Policy in Post-1978 China,”74,77.
1707588461
1707588462 [47]李波:《云南吉沙:旅游开发中的环境与文化保护》,载梁从诫主编:《2005年:中国的环境危局与突围》,社会科学文献出版社,2006。
1707588463
1707588464 [48]美国国家气候资料中心,http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/reports/chinaflooding/chinaflooding.html。
1707588465
1707588466 [49]Elizabeth Economy,TheRiverRunsBlack:TheEnvironmentalChallengeto China’sFuture(Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2004),121.中译本见易明:《一江黑水》,第62页。
1707588467
1707588468 [50]James Harkness,“Recent Trends in Forestry and Conservation of Biodiversity in China,”theChinaQuarterly no.156(December 1998):924-926.
1707588469
1707588470 [51]Brook Lamer and Alexandra A.Seno,“A Reckless Harvest:China Is Protecting Its Own Trees,But Has Begun Instead To Devour Asia’s Forests,”Newsweek,January 27,2003.http://newweek.com/id/62877.实际上,中国的木材需求只是苏门答腊低地地区热带雨林砍伐日益严重的原因之一,造纸用纸浆和棕榈油生产是更主要的原因,参见常理:《“APP风波”备忘录》,载梁从诫主编:《2005年:中国的环境危局与突围》。
1707588471
1707588472 [52]Lamer and Seno,“A Reckless Harvest.”
1707588473
1707588474 [53]Sturgeon,BorderLandscapes,166,193-195,209-215.
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